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143 invasive species found

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Alien Species

1. Acer platanoides (tree)

Acer platanoides is a decidous maple, native to Europe. It is commonly planted as an ornamental along streets and in parks. It has escaped and invaded natural forested habitats all over North America. The dense canopy of A. platanoides's shades out native species and the shallow root system prevents native species from establishing. Its foliage releases toxins that alter the soils fungal and microbial composition. The full impact of this species has not been seen yet as the majority of Acer platanoides are still in the sapling stage awaiting openings in the canopy.

Common Names: érable plane , Norway maple, Spitzahorn

Synonyms: Acer platanoides f. stollii Schwer., Acer platanoides subsp platanoides , Acer platanoides subsp turkestanicum , Acer platanoides var schwedleri K. Koch, Acer platanoides var schwedleri Nichols., Acer turkestanicum

2. Adelges piceae (insect)

Adelges piceae is a tiny, non-flying, sucking insect that causes great damage to fir forests in Canada and the United States. It is a serious pest to landscape and natural fir, and to the Christmas fir tree industry. Adelges piceae is invasive outside of its native central Europe from where it spread via timber imports. Adelges piceae is limited in its northern distribution by cold weather. Adelges piceae eggs and newly hatched nymphs are spread by wind, on animals, clothing, vehicles and other equipment.

Common Names: balsam woolly adelgid, balsam woolly aphid, puceron lanigère du sapin

3. Adelges tsugae (insect)

Adelges tsugae is a small, aphid-like insect that has become a serious pest of eastern hemlock and Carolina hemlock. The most obvious sign of infestation is the presence of white, woolly egg masses on the underside of hemlock needles. Infested eastern North American hemlocks defoliate prematurely and will eventually die if left untreated. A. tsugae is a difficult insect to control as the white waxy secretion protects it from pesticides. It is dispersed to new habitats through the nursery trade and locally by wind, birds, mammals and humans. Hemlock trees provide important habitats for many wildlife species and A. tsugae has severe adverse ecological impacts which will become more severe as its distribution expands.

Common Names: hemlock woolly adelgid

4. Agrilus planipennis (insect)

Agrilus planipennis, commonly known as the emerald ash borer (EAB), is an insect from a family of beetles generally referred to as metallic wood-boring beetles. A. planipennis is native to Asia and eastern Russia, and is only a minor pest in its native range. The beetle was discovered in Michigan and Ontario, Canada in 2002. Despite quarantine regulations and eradication attempts including burning of large numbers of infested trees, A. planipennis continues to spread. It is now present in Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia and parts of Canada. It colonizes and kills ash trees in the genus Fraxinus killing healthy ash trees in urban and forested areas. It now threatens more than eight billion ash trees in the continental United States. This has had significant ecological and economic effects. Similar damage is now occurring in the region of Moscow, Russia which causes serious concern for Europe if it continues to spread.

Common Names: emerald ash borer

5. Agrostis capillaris (grass)

Agrostis capillaris is a perennial grass that inhabits various environments ranging from urban to coastal wetland, including grassland as well as near arctic regions of the world. In areas of invasion Agrostis capillaris reduces native biodiversity through disease transmission and competition. The many valuable uses of Agrostis capillaris have resulted in its widespread introduction into many non-native ranges around the world.

Common Names: agrostide commune, agróstide común, agrostide fine, agrostide ténue, agróstide tenue, browntop, capellini delle praterie, chépica alemana, colonial bent, colonial bent grass, common bent grass, gemeines Straußgras, Gewoon struisgras, heno ahumado, hierba fina, kus otu, New Zealand bent grass, Prince Edward Island bent grass, Rhode Island bent, Rhode Island bent grass, rödven, Rotes Straußgras, Rotstraußgras, waipu

Synonyms: Agrostis alba var. vulgaris, Agrostis sylvatica Huds., Agrostis tenius, Agrostis tenius Sibthorp, Agrostis tenuis var. aristata, Agrostis tenuis var. hispida, Agrostis tenuis var. pumila, Agrostis vulgaris

6. Ailanthus altissima (tree, shrub)

Ailanthus altissima is a very aggressive plant, a prolific seed producer (up to 350,000 seeds in a year), grows rapidly, and can overrun native vegetation. It also produces toxins that prevent the establishment of other plant species. The root system is aggressive enough to cause damage to sewers and foundations.

Common Names: Chinese sumac, stinking shumac, tree of heaven

7. Akebia quinata (vine, climber)

Akebia quinata, also known as chocolate vine, is a twining woody vine that grows quickly and, if left unmanaged, can cover, out-compete and kill existing ground level herbs and seedlings, understorey shrubs and young trees. Once established, its dense growth prevents seed germination and establishment of seedlings of native plants.

Common Names: Akebia, Akébie à cinq feuilles , chocolate vine, fingerblättrige akebie, fiveleaf, fiveleaf akebia, mu tong

Synonyms: Rajania quinata Houtt.

8. Albizia julibrissin (tree)

Albizia julibrissin is commonly used as an ornamental tree because of its appealing fragrance, showy flowers and low maintenance requirement. It has escaped from the urban landscape and competes with native plants in disturbed habitats and occasionally in forested areas. Typical disturbed habitat may include roadsides, vacant lots and riparian areas. Albizia julibrissin prefers full sunlight but is salt and drought tolerant and can thrive in a wide range of soil types.

Common Names: mimosa, powderpuff tree, silk tree, silky acacia

9. Alternanthera philoxeroides (aquatic plant, herb)

Alternanthera philoxeroides, commonly known as alligator weed, is a perennial stoloniferous herb that can be found in many parts of the world, infesting rivers, lakes, ponds and irrigation canals, as well as many terrestrial habitats. The aquatic form of the plant has the potential to become a serious threat to waterways, agriculture and the environment. The terrestrial form of Alternanthera philoxeroides grows into a dense mat with a massive underground rhizomatous root system. The canopy can smother most other herbaceous plant species. It has proven to be extremely expensive to attempt controlling Alternanthera philoxeroides.

Common Names: alligator weed, alligatorweed, pig weed , xi han lian zi cao

Synonyms: Achyranthes philoxeroides (Mart.) Standl., Alternanthera paludosa Bunbury, Alternanthera philoxerina Suess., Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. forma angustifolia Suess., Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. var. acutifolia (Mart. ex Moq.) Hicken, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. var. lancifolia Chodat, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. var. luxurians Suess., Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. var. obtusifolia (Mart. ex Moq.) Hicken, Bucholzia philoxeroides Mart., Telanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Moq., Telanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Moq. var. acutifolia Mart. ex Moq., Telanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Moq. var. obtusifolia Mart. ex Moq.

10. Anthonomus grandis (insect)

  See eradication or other absence information

Anthonomus grandis is a brown to greyish-brown beetle native of Mexico to Central America and invasive in the United States. A. grandis feeds and develops only in cotton and closely related tropical (malvaceous) plants. In temperate zones A. grandis spends the winter in an adult reproductive dormancy where it subsists without food until it returns to cotton in the early spring. In subtropical and tropical areas adults are periodically active during warm periods of the non-cotton production seasons, and will feed and reproduce whenever suitable hosts are available. A. grandis has caused serious losses to the cotton industry in the United States. Recent eradication programs and management strategies have reduced A. grandis populations dramatically and have prompted a rebound in the cotton market within the United States.

Common Names: boll weevil

Synonyms: Anthonomus thurberiae (Pierce, 1913)

11. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (fungus)

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a non-hyphal parasitic chytrid fungus that has been associated with population declines in endemic amphibian species in upland montane rain forests in Australia and Panama. It causes cutaneous mycosis (fungal infection of the skin), or more specifically chytridiomycosis, in wild and captive amphibians. First described in 1998, the fungus is the only chytrid known to parasitise vertebrates. B. dendrobatidis can remain viable in the environment (especially aquatic environments) for weeks on its own, and may persist in latent infections.

Common Names: chytrid frog fungi, chytridiomycosis, chytridiomycosis, Chytrid-Pilz, frog chytrid fungus

12. Berberis thunbergii (shrub)

Berberis thunbergii is a shrub native to Japan. When introduced it can invade a variety of habitats from damp lowlands to dry roadsides and waste places. This species forms dense stands in a variety of these habitats, including closed canopy forests and open woodlands, wetlands, pastures and meadows. Berberis thunbergii is highly shade-tolerant and displaces a variety of native herb and shrub species in areas where it becomes well established. Manual hand-pulling is a favoured method of control as the species is easily unearthed. Chemical and mechanical methods are also often employed, depending on site conditions.

Common Names: crimson pygmy, Japanese barberry

Synonyms: Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea (Chenault), Berberis thunbergii var. maximowiczii, Berberis thunbergii var. minor

13. Bromus inermis (grass)

Bromus inermis is an invasive, perennial C3 grass that has made an extensive impact on the grasslands of North America. B. inermis has become established by invading disturbed prairies and through repeated introductions for soil retention and livestock graze. It is known to have negative impacts on growth of native plants by slowing their growth and increasing extinction. B. inermis is also known to significantly impact the population dynamics and movement behaviour of several native arthropod species in North American prairies.

Common Names: arva rozsnok, awnless brome, bladfaks, brome de hongrie, brome inerme, brome sans arete, bromo inerme, bromo inerme, bromo suave, bromo-liso, capim-cevadinha, cebadilla perenne, foderlosta, forasacco spuntato, grannelose trespe, Hungarian brome, idänkattara, ko suzume no chahiki, koster bezostyj, kweekdravik, magyar roz rok, rehukattara, smooth brome, smooth bromegrass, staklos hejre, stoklosa bezostna, sverep bezbbranný, vihneetön kattara, wehrlose trespe, wu mang que mai

Synonyms: Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub

14. Bromus rubens (grass)

Bromus rubens is a tufted, cool-season annual bunchgrass commonly found growing on shallow dry soil or poor textured, clayey soil. It becomes extremely competitive with other grasses and displaces native species. Red brome can produce large amount of biomass that increase the amount and continuity of fine fuels. The lack of a soil seed bank provides one avenue of control for this species.

Common Names: foxtail brome, foxtail chess, red brome

Synonyms: Anisantha rubens (L.) Nevski, Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (L.) Husnot

15. Bromus tectorum (grass)

The invasive grass Bromus tectorum is troublesome to farmers and many ecosystems. It usually thrives in disturbed areas preventing natives from returning to the area. Disturbance such as overgrazing, cultivation, and frequent fires encourage invasion. Once established the natives cannot compete and the whole ecosystem is altered.

Common Names: broncograss, cheatgrass, cheatgrass brome, downy brome, downy chess, drooping brome, early chess, military grass, Mormon oats, slender chess, thatch bromegrass

Synonyms: Anisantha tectorum (L.), Bromus tectorum L. var. glabratus, Bromus tectorum L. var. hirsutus, Bromus tectorum L. var. nudus

16. Bubulcus ibis (bird)

Bubulcus ibis are small stocky herons that associate with grazing species of mammals both domestic and wild. They have strong migratory instincts and disperse thousands of miles in the direction of their choosing. They are, for the most part, self-introduced. They have been observed 'feeding on' native species of birds. They are known to host ticks that could introduce and spread certain tick-borne diseases.

Common Names: Afrikaanse koereiger, buff-backed heron, cattle egret , depulgabuey, elephant bird, garcilla bueyera, garcilla garrapatera, garcita de ganado, garrapatera, garrapatosa, garza de ganado, garza de vaquèra, garza ganadera , héron garde-boeufs , hippopotomus egret, Indian cattle egret, rhinoceros egret

Synonyms: Ardea ibis, Ardeola ibis, Bulbucus ibis

17. Camelina sativa (herb)

Camelina sativa can prosper in many different climates and soils. Its ability to survive in a diverse range of habitats enables it to be introduced fairly easily into new environments. It is considered a common weed in many areas, but other areas embrace it for the use of its oils as a food, fuel or for its possible medicinal value. This is a hermaphroditic species, which contains seeds after pollination that are known for the oils that they produce.

Common Names: big-seed false flax, camelina, camelina pilosa, caméline ciliée, Cameline cultivee, false flax, German sesame, gold-of-pleasure, Huttentut, large-seeded false flax, Leindotter, Lin bâtard, Oljedodre, Ruistankio, Saatdotter, Sæd-Dodder, Siberian oilseed

Synonyms: Camelina parodii Ibarra & La Porte, Myagrum sativum L. (basionym)

18. Carduus nutans (herb)

Carduus nutans readily invades disturbed areas and outcompetes native plants. The best form of prevention is maintaining a healthy native ecosystem in recently disturbed sites. It is also invades grazed pastures in USA, New Zealand and Australia, where it reduces the amount of pasture available for livestock. Keeping pastures competitive is the best way to prevent establishment of seedlings.

Common Names: chardon penché, musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, nodding thistle, plumeless thistle

Synonyms: Carduus nutans L. var. leiophyllus, Carduus nutans L. var. macrocephalus, Carduus nutans L. var. vestitus, Carduus nutans ssp. leiophyllus, Carduus nutans ssp. macrocephalus, Carduus nutans ssp. macrolepis, Carduus thoermeri

19. Celastrus orbiculatus (vine, climber)

Celastrus orbiculatus is a deciduous, dioecious round-leaved vine that makes use of the 'sit and wait' invasion strategy. This species establishes under closed canopy forest conditions and persists indefinitely until it is released by a disturbance that creates conditions optimal for rapid growth. It invades forested land but has also been known to persist on coasts and may possibly disrupt dune formations. C. orbiculatus can overtop and girdle native trees and shrubs along roads, in clearings and in forest gaps. Identifying and eradicating populations before it they are released by an opening in the canopy is the easiest method of control.

Common Names: Asian bittersweet, Asiatic bittersweet, climbing spindleberry, Japanese bittersweet, oriental bittersweet, Rundblättriger Baumwürger, tsuru-ume-mo-doki

Synonyms: Celastrus articulatus Thunb., Celastrus orbiculata Thunb.

20. Centaurea biebersteinii (herb)

Centaurea biebersteinii is a biennial or short-lived perennial composite and a very aggressive invader. It has been reported to grow on a wide variety of habitats, especially industrial land, including gravel pits, stockpiles, power lines, grain elevators, railroad, equipment yards, pasture, range, and timbered range. It is often associated with irrigation, preferring areas of high available moisture. It appears best adapted to well-drained, light- to coarse-textured soils that receive summer rainfall. Seeds may germinate over a wide range of soil depths, soil moisture content and temperatures. Dispersal is generally passive as seeds are shaken from drying capitula. Movement over greater distances requires transport by rodents, livestock, vehicles, or hay or commercial seed.

Common Names: gefleckte Flockenblume, gewöhnliche Rispen-Flockenblume, spotted knapweed

Synonyms: Acosta maculosa auct. non Holub, Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam.

21. Centaurea solstitialis (herb)

Centaurea solstitialis is a winter annual that can form dense impenetrable stands that displace desirable vegetation in natural areas, rangelands, and other places. It is best adapted to open grasslands with deep, well-drained soils and an annual precipitation range of 25 to 150cm per year. It is intolerant of shade. Although populations can occur at elevations as high as 2,400 m, most large infestations are found below 1,500 m. Human activities are the primary mechanisms for the long distance movement of C. solstitialis seed. The short, stiff, pappus bristles are covered with barbs that readily adhere to clothing, hair, and fur. The movement of contaminated hay and uncertified seed are also important long distance transportation mechanisms. Wind disperses seeds over short distances.

Common Names: geeldissel, golden star thistle, sonnwend-Flockenblume, St. Barnaby's thistle, yellow centaury, yellow cockspur, yellow star thistle

Synonyms: Leucantha solstitialis (L.) A.& D. Löve

22. Cirsium arvense (herb)    

Cirsium arvense is an herbaceous perennial in the Aster family. It occurs in nearly every upland herbaceous community within its range, and is a particular threat in grassland communities and riparian habitats. C. arvense is shade intolerant and can tolerate soils with up to 2% salt content. It grows on all but waterlogged, poorly aerated soils, including clay, clay loam, silt loam, sandy loam, sandy clay, sand dunes, gravel, limestone, and chalk, but not peat. It spreads primarily by vegetative means, and secondarily by seed. The seeds spread as a contaminant in agricultural seeds in hay and in cattle and horse droppings and on farm machinery. It produces an abundance of bristly-plumed seeds that are easily dispersed by the wind and they may also be transported by water.

Common Names: Californian thistle, Canada thistle, Canadian thistle, creeping thistle, field thistle, perennial thistle

Synonyms: Carduus arvensis (L.) Robson, Cirsium arvense var. argenteum (Vest) Fiori, Cirsium arvense var. horridum Wimmer & Grab., Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium Wimmer & Grab., Cirsium arvense var. mite Wimmer & Grab., Cirsium arvense var. vestitum Wimmer & Grab., Cirsium incanum (Gmel.) Fisch., Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bess. ex Bieb., Serratula arvensis L.

23. Clematis terniflora (vine, climber)

Clematis terniflora is a perennial vine that is frequently used as a landscaping plant. It is invasive, however, and displays aggressive growth in many areas of North America. C. terniflora can climb nearly 10 metres high, smothering trees and pulling down telephone poles.

Common Names: leatherleaf clematis, sweet autumn virginsbower, yam-leafed clematis

Synonyms: Clematis dioscoreifolia (Levl. & Vaniot), Clematis dioscoreifolia var. robusta [(Carr.) Rehd.], Clematis flammula var robusta (Carriere), Clematis maximowicziana (Franch. & Savigny), Clematis paniculata (Thunb.), Clematis recta subsp paniculata (Thunb.) Kuntze, Clematis terniflora var robusta (Carriere) Tamura

24. Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides (alga)

Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides is an alga that has been introduced around the globe through shellfish aquaculture, recreational boating, and transport on ship hulls. The species fouls shellfish beds and causes a myriad of impacts on shellfish communities. This species also causes a nuisance to humans when it accumulates on beaches and rots producing a foul odor. C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides has been documented altering benthic communities and habitats causing serious environmental implications.

Common Names: dead man's fingers, green fleece, green sea fingers, oyster thief, Sputnik weed

Synonyms: Codium mucronatum var. tomentosoides van Goor

25. Columba livia (bird)    

Columba livia is native to Europe and has been introduced worldwide as a food source, or for game. These pigeons prefer to live near human habitation, such as farmland and buildings. They cause considerable damage to buildings and monuments because of their corrosive droppings. They also pose a health hazard, since they are capable of transmitting a variety of diseases to humans and to domestic poultry and wildlife.

Common Names:  pombo-doméstico, agreste, b? câu, bákteduvvá, balandis, bareski-golumbaika, baresko-golumbo, bjargdúfa, bládúgva, bládúva, bydue, calman-creige, calmane creggey, carrier pigeon, colm aille, colom roquer, colom roquer,, colom wyls, colomba salvaria, colomen ddôf, , colomen y graig, colomp salvadi, columba da chasa, columba selvadia, columbu agreste, columbu aresti, columbu de is arrocas, colu'r aille, common pigeon, didu, div gulab, divlji golub, dobato, domaci golob, domestic dove, domestic pigeon, dubet, , dziwi holb, Felsentaube, feral pigeon, feral rock pigeon, golab miejski¦Golab skalny, golab skalny, golub pecinar, golub pecinar, gradski Golub, güvercin, haitz-uso, Haustaube, Strassentaube, holub domácí, holub skalní, homing pigeon, húsdúfa, kaljutuvi, kalliokyyhky, kawarabato, kawara-bato, kesykyyhky, kieminis, klinšu balodis, klippduva, klippedue, kolombo, kolomm an garrek, naminis karvelis, paloma, paloma bravia, paloma casera, paloma común, paloma de castilla, paloma doméstica, pecinar, pëllumbi i egër i shkëmbit, piccione, piccione domestico, piccione selvatico, piccione selvatico semidomestico, piccione terraiolo, piccione torraiolo, pichon, pigeon, pigeon biset, pigeon biset domestique, pigeon de ville, pigeon domestique, pomba brava, pombo da rocha, pombo o pombo-doméstico, pombo-das-rochas, porumbel de stânca, pustynnik, rock dove , rock dove pigeon, rock pigeon, rotsduif, ruve, sizij golub, sizy Golub, sizyj golub', skalen g"l"b, , šyzy holub, , szirti galamb, tamduva, tidori, tidu, Tkhakapuyt Aghavni, tudun tal-gebel, tzidu, Verwilderte Haustaube, Xixella, yuan ge, ziwy golub

26. Corbicula fluminea (mollusc)

Corbicula fluminea is a freshwater clam that has caused millions of dollars worth of damage to intake pipes used by power, water, and other industries. Many native clams are declining as C. fluminea outcompetes them for food and space. C. fluminea requires well-oxygenated waters and prefers fine, clean sand, clay, and coarse sand substrates. C. fluminea spreads when it is attached to boats or carried in ballast water, used as bait, sold through the aquarium trade, and carried with water currents.

Common Names: Asian clam, Asiatic clam, prosperity clam

Synonyms: Corbicula leana (Prime), Corbicula fluminalis (Muller, 1774), Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1884)

27. Coronilla varia (herb)

Coronilla varia is a perennial herb with creeping stems that may reach 0.6 - 2 metres. It is tolerant of drought, heavy precipitation, and cold temperatures, but it is intolerant of shade. C. varia is adapted to all coarse and medium textured soils, but it does not grow well in fine textured, saline, and alkaline soils. It reproduces prolifically and spreads rapidly via creeping rhizomes. In the United States C. varia has been extensively planted for erosion control along many roads and other disturbed areas. It has also been widely planted for ground cover on steep banks, mine reclamation, and as a cover crop on cropland.

Common Names: arvejilla morada, axseed, bunte Kronwicke, coronilla morada, coronille bigarrée, coronille variée, crown-vetch, ruda inglesa, trailing crown-vetch

Synonyms: Securigera varia (L.) Lassen subsp. orientalis Jahn

28. Cortaderia selloana (grass)    

Cortaderia selloana is a tall tussock grass that can reach heights of 4 metres. It is found in subtropical regions in habitats such as disturbed areas along roads and trails. It forms dense stands that can exlude other plants and quickly become a fire hazard, and its sharp leaves can cut skin and limit recreational use. It is often planted as an ornamental, and is also used as a wind barrier along highways and fodder for stock. A combination of physical and chemical control is required to manage this species.

Common Names: herbe de la pampa, pampas grass , silver pampas grass , silwergras, Uruguayan pampas grass

Synonyms: Arundo selloana Schult. and Schult. f., C. argentea (Nees) Stapf, Cortaderia dioica (Spreng.) Speg., Gynerium argenteum Nees

29. Cronartium ribicola (fungus)

White pine blister rust, a widely known tree disease in North America, is caused by the introduced fungus Cronartium ribicola. C. ribicola is a heteroecious (requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle) and macrocyclic rust fungus . The two host groups of this fungus are five-needle Pinus spp. and plants of the currant / gooseberry genus (Ribes spp.). Spores on infected pines are carried by wind to infect Ribes spp. during spring and spores on infected Ribes spp. are also disseminated by wind to infect five needle pines during autumn. Large-scale weather events that bring moist conditions to a region increase opportunities for infection and spore travel distance. Infection is also influenced by topographic features combined with microclimate, such as in saddles or on mountaintops frequented by late summer fog.

Common Names: white pine blister rust

30. Cryphonectria parasitica (fungus)

Cryphonectria parasitica is a fungus that attacks primarily Castanea spp. but also has been known to cause damage to various Quercus spp. along with other species of hardwood trees. American chestnut, C. dentata, was a dominant overstorey species in United States forests, but now they have been completely replaced within the ecosystem. C. dentata still exists in the forests but only within the understorey as sprout shoots from the root system of chestnuts killed by the blight years ago. A virus that attacks this fungus appears to be the best hope for the future of Castanea spp., and current research is focused primarily on this virus and variants of it for biological control. Chestnut blight only infects the above-ground parts of trees, causing cankers that enlarge, girdle and kill branches and trunks.

Common Names: chestnut blight, Edelkastanienkrebs

Synonyms: Endothia parasitica

31. Ctenopharyngodon idella (fish)

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is a large cyprinid introduced worldwide as a biological control of aquatic vegetation as well as a food fish. It is a voracious feeder which is incredibly efficient at removing aquatic weeds. However they can completely eliminate vegetation from water systems, resulting in widespread ecological effects. Grass carp are also known to compete with native fish, carry parasites such as Asian tapeworm (Bothriocephalus opsarichthydis), and induce other harmful effects to introduced waters.

Common Names: amur, amur bialy, amur biely, amur i bardhe, amurkarpfen, beli amur, belyi amur, bílý amur, byal amur, Cá Châm Treng, carpa China, carpa do limo , carpa erbivora, carpa herbivora, carpe de roseau, carpe herbivore, Chinese carp, Chinese graskarper, chortofagos kyprinos, crap-de-iarba, gardd carp, græskarpe, graskarp, gräskarp, gräskarp, graskarpe, graskarpen, graskarper, graskarpfen, grass carp, hullu, hullugende, kap makan rumput, kap rumput, Pla Chao Hea, Pla Chao Heu, Pla Van Heu, ruohokarppi, silver orfe, sôgyo, tongsan, trey srokchen, waan ue, white amur

Synonyms: Ctenopharingodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844), Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes, 1844), Ctenopharyngodon laticeps (Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus idella (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus idella (Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus idellus (Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus tschiliensis (Valenciennes, 1844), Pristiodon siemionovii (Valenciennes, 1844), Sarcocheilichthys teretiusculus (Valenciennes, 1844)

32. Cygnus olor (bird)

Cygnus olor (mute swans) are a large swan species that can utilise a variety of aquatic habitats. They consume submerged aquatic vegetation to the point of overgrazing, which in turn reduces the carrying capacity of natural habitats for native waterfowl. They will occasionally overgraze to such an extent that certain vegetation is eliminated from the ecosystem. Cygnus olor is also very territorial and will drive off native waterfowl species and has been known to attack and kill native species while defending territory. Mute swans have also been known to attack and injure humans and can be especially dangerous to small children.

Common Names: cygne tuburculé , fysyldayan gu gushu, lebed-shipun, mute swan

Synonyms: Anas olor Gmelin

33. Cynoglossum officinale (herb)

Cynoglossum officinale otherwise known as hound's tongue in common vernacular is a biennial herbaceous plant that invades disturbed areas and waste places. It occurs widespread throughout North America, in the U.S. and Canada. The leaves of the plant, in particular the rosette leaves, are high in toxic alkaloids that can poison livestock. Hound's tongue also has a thick, deep taproot that makes it successful at competing with native vegetation for soil resources. The seeds of hound's tongue are burred so they easily attach to the fur of animals or on the clothing and shoes of humans allowing them to spread to new uninfested areas.

Common Names: beggar's lice, common bur, common houndstongue, Cynoglosse officinal, dog bur, dog's tongue, ebnyelvufu, Echte Hundezunge, Echte Hundszunge, Gebräuchliche Hundszunge, Gemeine Hundszunge, Gewone hondstong, glovewort, gypsy flower, Harilik rass, hondstong, hound's tongue, houndstongue, Hundetunge, Hundetunge, Hundtunga, Közönséges ebnyelvufu, Læge-Hundetunge, Langue-de-chien, Lengua de perro, Lingua-di-cane vellutina, Orvosi ebnyelvufu, Ostrzen pospolity, rats and mice, Rohtokoirankielet, sheep lice, Užanka lékarská, woolmat

Synonyms: Cynoglossum officinale f. bicolor

34. Cyprinus carpio (fish)    

The introduction of fish as a source of protein for human consumption into tropical and subtropical lake systems is continuing apace. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has been cultured for 2500 years and is also a popular angling and ornamental fish; is the third most frequently introduced species in the world. Its method of feeding churns up the sediments on the bottom of the water and uproots macrophytes, making it an keystone ecosystem engineer that altering habitats for native fish and other native aquatic species.

Common Names: Cá Chép , carp, carpa, carpat, carpe, carpe, carpe commune, carpeau, carpo, cerpyn, ciortan, ciortanica, ciortocrap, ciuciulean, common carp, crap, crapcean, cyprinos, escarpo, Europäischer Karpfen, European carp, fancy carp, feral carp, German carp, grass carp, grivadi, ikan mas, Japanese domesticated carp, kapoor-e-maamoli, kapor, kapr obecný, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp dziki a. sazan, karpa, karpar, karpe, Karpe, karpen, karper, karpfen, karpion, karppi, kerpaille, king carp, koi, koi carp, korop, krap, krapi, kyprinos, læderkarpe, lauk mas, leather carp, leekoh, lei ue, mas massan, mirror carp, olocari, Oriental carp, pa nai, pba ni, pla nai, ponty, punjabe gad, rata pethiya, saran, Saran, sarmão, sazan, sazan baligi, scale carp, sharan, skælkarpe, soneri masha, spejlkarpe, sulari, suloi, tikure, trey carp samahn, trey kap, ulucari, weißfische, wild carp, wildkarpfen

Synonyms: Carpio carpio gibbosus (Kessler, 1856), Carpio flavipinna Valenciennes, 1842, Carpio vulgaris Rapp, 1854, Cyprinus acuminatus Heckel & Kner, 1858, Cyprinus acuminatus Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus angulatus Heckel, 1843, Cyprinus atrovirens Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus bithynicus Richardson, 1857, Cyprinus carpio anatolicus Hanko, 1924, Cyprinus carpio aralensis Spiczakow, 1935, Cyprinus carpio brevicirri Misik, 1958, Cyprinus carpio elongatus Walecki, 1863, Cyprinus carpio fluviatilis Pravdin, 1945, Cyprinus carpio longicirri Misik, 1958, Cyprinus carpio monstrosus Walecki, 1863, Cyprinus carpio oblongus Antipa, 1909, Cyprinus chinensis Basilewsky, 1855, Cyprinus conirostris Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus festetitsii Bonaparte, 1845, Cyprinus flamm Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus fossicola Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus haematopterus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus melanotus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus nordmannii Valenciennes, 1842, Cyprinus sculponeatus Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus thermalis Heckel, 1843, Cyprinus tossicole Elera, 1895, Cyprinus vittatus Valenciennes, 1842

35. Cytisus scoparius (shrub)

The densely growing Cytisus scoparius is a shrub indigenous to Europe and northern Asia that favours temperate climates and is found in abundance on sandy pastures and heaths. It is sparingly naturalized in sandy soil in North America. It grows best in dry, sandy soils in full sunlight and can also do well on soils high in boron. Where introduced, it colonizes pastures and cultivated fields, dry scrubland and "wasteland", and native grasslands. Most rapid spread of the plant has occurred along waterways where the seed is distributed by water. It is also spread rapidly along roads, where the seed is distributed by passing vehicles. Wind, birds, and other animals may also transport seeds. Seed re-introduction may occur from the sheep droppings during grazing.

Common Names: Besenginster, broomtops, common broom, European broom, genêt à balais, giesta, Irish broom, Scotch broom

Synonyms: Genista scoparius (Lam.)., Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer ex Koch, Spartium scoparium (Linn.).

36. Dioscorea oppositifolia (herb, vine, climber)

Dioscorea oppositifolia is a fast growing twining vine that has escaped from cultivation. It can survive in a number of different habitats and environmental conditions, but is most commonly found at the edges of rich, mesic bottomland forests, along stream banks and drainageways and near fencerows. Initial infestations are generally associated with human-caused disturbances, such as near old home sites and along roadways, and from these areas it can easily spread to nearby riparian swaths and undisturbed habitats. It can tolerate light levels ranging from full sun to full shade, but mostly grows at intermediate light levels along forest edges and it is typically found in silty loam soils. It also prefers soils that are relatively rich in nitrogen. D. oppositifolia propagules are dispersed primarily by gravity but may be dispersed further by water or by animals.

Common Names: Chinese yam, cinnamon vine

Synonyms: Dioscorea batatas Dcne., Dioscorea cayenensis Lam. var. pseudobatatas Hauman, Dioscorea decaisneana Carrière, Dioscorea doryphora Hance, Dioscorea opposita Thunb., nom. illeg., Dioscorea oppositifolia L. var. linnaei Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea oppositifolia L. var. meeboldtii Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea oppositifolia L. var. thwaitesii Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea polystachya Turcz., Dioscorea potaninii Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea rosthornii Diels, Dioscorea swinhoei Rolfe, Dioscorea trinervia Roxb. ex Prain & Burkill

37. Dreissena polymorpha (mollusc)

Common Names: Dreiecksmuschel, Dreikantmuschel, dreisena, Eurasian zebra mussel, moule zebra, racicznica zmienna, Schafklaumuschel, svitraina gliemene, tavaline ehk muutlik rändkarp, vaeltajasimpukka, vandremusling, vandringsmussla, wandering mussel, Wandermuschel, zebra mussel, Zebramuschel, Zebra-Muschel, Zebramussel

Synonyms: Mytilus hagenii, Mytilus polymorpha Pallas 1771, Mytilus polymorphus (Pallas), Tichogonia chemnitzii (Rossm.)

38. Egeria densa (aquatic plant)    

Egeria densa is a submersed, freshwater perennial herb that forms dense monospecific stands that restrict water movement, trap sediment, and cause fluctuations in water quality. It has also affected the status of certain threatened species. It has been introduced worldwide through the aquarium trade, and even in its native range can become a nuisance species causing local economic impacts. Chemical control is the most effective option for management of E. densa. Mechanical control is not recommended because fragments of the plant left behind can readily re-colonize and move downstream. The introduction of grass carp offers biological control of this species, but care must be taken because carp can introduce their own negative effects on the environment.

Common Names: Brazilian elodea , Brazilian waterweed , Brazilian-waterweed , common waterweed , dense waterweed , egeria , leafy elodea , South American waterweed

Synonyms: Anacharis densa (Planch.) Victorin, Elodea densa (Planch.) Caspary, Philotria densa (Planch.) Small & St. John

39. Eichhornia crassipes (aquatic plant)    

Originally from South America, Eichhornia crassipes is one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. Its beautiful, large purple and violet flowers make it a popular ornamental plant for ponds. It is now found in more than 50 countries on five continents. Water hyacinth is a very fast growing plant, with populations known to double in as little as 12 days. Infestations of this weed block waterways, limiting boat traffic, swimming and fishing. Water hyacinth also prevents sunlight and oxygen from reaching the water column and submerged plants. Its shading and crowding of native aquatic plants dramatically reduces biological diversity in aquatic ecosystems.

Common Names: aguapé, bekabe kairanga, bung el ralm, bung el ralm, floating water hyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, jal khumbe, jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, lirio acuatico, mbekambekairanga, riri vai, wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth, water orchid, wota haisin

Synonyms: Eichhornia speciosa Kunth, Heteranthera formosa, Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Raf., Piaropus mesomelas, Pontederia crassipes Mart. (basionym)

40. Elaeagnus angustifolia (tree, shrub)

Native to southern Europe and western Asia, Elaeagnus angustifolia is commonly found growing along floodplains, riverbanks, stream courses, marshes, and irrigation ditches Seedlings are tolerant of shade and the plant thrives in a variety of soil and moisture conditions, including bare mineral substrates.E. angustifolia can withstand competition from other shrubs and trees and can spread vegetatively by sprouting from the root crown and sending up root suckers. The fruits float and are probably dispersed via water transport. Also, the seeds ingested with the fruit by birds and small mammals are dispersed in their droppings.

Common Names: árbol del paraíso , árvore-do-paraíso , chalef , oleaster, olivier de Bohême, olivo de Bohemia , panjino , Russian-olive , trebizond-date

Synonyms: Elaeagnus angustifolia var. orientalis (L.) Kuntze, Elaeagnus hortensis M. Bieb, Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall. ex Schltdl., Elaeagnus orientalis L.

41. Elaeagnus pungens (shrub)

Originally from eastern Asia, Elaeagnus pungens has found its way to the United States, New Zealand and Europe. It is a plant that may out-compete other plants for sunlight because of its outward growth (it can grow as tall as 8 m). Its ability to grow in most soils makes it easy to move into natural areas and take over the native vegetation. This particular species can be controlled with the herbicides.

Common Names: leathery silver-bush, nawashiro-gumi , pungent elaeagnus, silverthorn, spotted elaeagnus, thorny elaeagnus, thorny olive

Synonyms: Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. forma aurea (Servett.) Rehder, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. forma masculata Veitch, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. subsp. eupungens , Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. var. simonii (Carrière) G. Nicholson, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. var. typica C.K. Schneid., Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. var. variegata Rheder, Elaeagnus reflexa E. Morren & Decne. , Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.  var. aureovariegata Bean, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.  var. frederici Bean, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.  var. reflexa (E. Morren & Decne.) Rehder, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. subsp. simonii (Carrière) Servett., Elaeagnus simonii Carrière   

42. Elaeagnus umbellata (tree, shrub)

Elaeagnus umbellata is valued as an ornamental because of its silvery foliage and flowers and its hardiness under dry conditions. It invades grasslands and disturbed areas adjacent to the plantings, and encroachment can be rapid because of its high seed production and germination rate. It grows well on a variety of soils, including sandy, loamy, and somewhat clayey textures. It does very well on infertile soils because its roots can fix nitrogen, which has also fostered its use as a nurse plant in walnut orchards. E. umbellata seeds are ingested with fruit and dispersed by birds and mammals. Seeds are also used in some places for wildlife plantings.E. umbellata has the potential of becoming one of the most troublesome adventive shrubs in the central and eastern United States.

Common Names: aki-gumi, autumn elaeagnus, autumn-olive, silverberry

Synonyms: Elaeagnus argyi H.Lev., Elaeagnus crispa Thunb. var. coreana (H.Lev.) Nakai, Elaeagnus crispa Thunb. var. typica Nakai, Elaeagnus parvifolia Royle, Elaeagnus salicifolia D. Don ex Loudon, Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. subsp. euumbellata Servettaz, Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. subsp. parvifolia (Royle )Servett., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. var. coreana (H.Lev.) H.Lev., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. var. parvifolia (Royle) C.K.Schneid., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. var. typica C.K. Schneid.

43. Erodium cicutarium (herb)

Erodium cicutarium is an annual, winter annual or biennial that is a pioneer on disturbed and arid sites. It can cause yield reductions of crops and the seed is very difficult to clean out of small seeded crops. Erodium cicutarium is considered a noxious weed as it crowds out or outcompetes crops and native plant species. Erodium cicutarium provides forage for rodents, desert tortoise, big game animals, livestock and also upland game birds and songbirds. Prevention may be the best method for controlling Erodium cicutarium, however, it may be impossible to actually prevent this species from colonising, or to eradicate it, once present. There are few known chemical control methods for Erodium cicutarium besides, general herbicide controls.

Common Names: alfilaree, alfilaria, alfilerillo, California filaree, cutleaf filaree, filaree, heronsbill, loiquilahuen, pin-grass, pin-weed, redstem, redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill, relojito, stork's bill, tachuela

44. Euonymus alata (shrub)

Euonymus alata is a deciduous shrub native to Asia that has been introduced to the United States from New England to the Gulf Coast. Euonymus alata becomes a nuisance because of the ease with which its seeds are spread; the readiness of germination; its adaptability to various soils and its tolerance of full shade. Euonymus alata is a threat to natural areas because it shades out native herbs and crowds out native shrubs. Birds relish the fruit of Euonymus alata and provide a means for dispersal.

Common Names: burning bush, winged burning bush, winged euonymus

Synonyms: Celastrus alatus (Thunb.), Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold

45. Euonymus fortunei (vine, climber)

Euonymus fortunei is a shrub-like vine native to Asia. Euonymus fortunei can outcompete native vegetation by depleting soil moisture and nutrients, blocking sunlight and by forming a dense vegetative mat that impedes the growth of the seedlings of native species. It spreads by escaping from gardens or floating down streams, where it invades undisturbed forest and riparian areas. Locally, Euonymus fortunei is spread by wildlife and birds which feed on its seed structures.

Common Names: emerald'n Gold, gaiety, wintercreeper

Synonyms: Elaeodendron fortunei (Turcz.), Euonymus japonicus (Thunb.) var. acutus (Rehder), Euonymus radicans var. acutus Rehder

46. Eupatorium cannabinum (herb)

Eupatorium cannabinum is a woody perennial herb that prefers to inhabit and invade moist habitats such as swamps, marshes and stream banks. It forms dense monotypic stands that compete with and eventually crowd out native species. This species also has the ability to alter the nutrient structure of habitats it invades.

Common Names: boneset, common Dutch agrimony, common hemp agrimony , eupatorio , gravel root , hemp agrimony, hindheal , holy rope , khad al bint , Koninginnenkruid , koyunpitragi , linwe di tchet , St John's herb , water agrimony

47. Euphorbia esula (herb)

Native to Europe and temperate Asia, Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) is found throughout the world, with the exception of Australia. This aggressive invader displaces native vegetation by shading and using up available water and nutrients, and by plant toxins that prevent the growth of other plants beneath it.

Common Names: Esels-Wolfsmilch, leafy spurge, spurge, wolf's milk

Synonyms: Euphorbia intercedens, Euphorbia pseudovirgata, Galarhoeus esula, Tithymalus esula

48. Hedera helix (vine, climber)

Hedera helix is an evergreen climbing vine of the ginseng family (Araliaceae). It is an aggressive invader that threatens all vegetation levels of forested and open areas, growing along the ground as well as into the forest canopy. It is widely used as a fast-growing, low maintenance, evergreen groundcover and once established at a site, Hedera helix can be expected to move beyond its intended borders by vegetative means or by seed. Seeds are dispersed to new areas primarily by birds.

Common Names: English Ivy

Synonyms: Hedera helix f. arborescens, Hedera helix f. minima, Hedera helix var. conglomerata, Hedera helix var. crenata, Hedera helix var. minima, Hedera helix var. taurica, Hedera poetarum var. taurica, Hedera taurica

49. Hemigrapsus sanguineus (crustacean)

Hemigrapsus sanguineus is commonly called the Asian shore crab and is native to the Asia-Pacific region. It has a very broad diet and, in its introduced range, has the potential to affect populations of native species, such as crabs, fish and shellfish by disrupting the food web. It also occupies habitats very similar to native mud crabs. Hemigrapsus sanguineus may compete with larger species, like the blue crab, rock crab and the non-native green crab.

Common Names: Asian shore crab, Japanese shore crab

50. Hydrilla verticillata (aquatic plant)    

Hydrilla verticillata is a submerged freshwater aquatic weed that can tolerate salinity up to 7%. It crowds out native plants by shading them and out-competing them for nutrients. The dense masses it forms interfere with recreational activities such as boating, fishing and swimming. Hydrilla verticillata can be dispersed by river flow, waterfowl and recreational activities and is sold as an aquarium plant.

Common Names: Florida elodea, hydrilla, oxygen weed, water thyme, water weed

51. Hygrophila polysperma (aquatic plant)

The herbaceous perennial Hygrophila polysperma, commonly known as the Indian swamp weed, is a freshwater amphibious herb that was most likely introduced through the aquarium trade. It is found in warmer climates and prefers flowing streams, but may also be found in slow-moving waters and in lakes. It is a fast-growing and fast-spreading species that out-shades and out-competes other submersed plants. Hygrophila polysperma interferes with navigation and has been known to compete with other aggressive non-native invasive plants. Hygrophila polysperma is difficult to control. Mechanical harvesting only fragments the plants and increases its distribution. Typical biological control agents for aquatic invasives do not affect this species and most registered aquatic herbicides only provide marginal control.

Common Names: East Indian hygrophila, hygro, Indian swampweed, Miramar weed

Synonyms: Hemidelphis polysperma (Roxb.) Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3:30. 1832., Justicia polysperma Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1:120. 1820.

52. Hypericum perforatum (herb)

Hypericum perforatum, more commonly known as St. John's wort, is a native flowering perennial plant of Eurasia. It has been widely introduced, mainly by human vectors, to North and South America, parts of Africa, Australia and New Zealand. St. John's wort can survive in a wide range of environments and has the ability to store reserves in its root crown and compensate during harsh times, which makes this plant difficult for management control. In recent years Hypericum perforatum has gained media attention for its use in alternative medicine, mainly for treating depression.

Common Names: äkta johannesört, äkta mannablod, amber, bal?, bassant, binbirdelikotu, Blutkraut, casse-diable, castellas, common St. John's wort, common StJohnswort, corazoncillo, eala bhuidhe, Echtes Johanniskraut, gammock, Gemeines Johanniskraut, goatsbeard, goatweed, Hartheu, herb john, herbe De Saint-Jean, herbe de St. Jean, hierba de San Juan, hipérico, iperico, johannesblöda, Johanneskruid, johannesört, Johanniskraut, klamathweed, läpikuisma, lule gjaku, lulebasan, lulemaji, mäkikuisma, mansblod, millepertuis, millepertuis perfore, penny john, perforate St. John's wort, racecourse weed, randpirk, rosin rose, St. John's grass, St. John's wort, tipton weed, todabuena, touch and heal, Tüpfel-Hartheu, Tüpfel-Johanniskraut, Unserer Frauen Bettstroh, Y fendigedig

Synonyms: Hypericum officinale (Gater), Hypericum perforatum var. perforatum, Hypericum perforatum var. angustifolium, Hypericum perforatum var. microphyllum, Hypericum perforatum var. veronense, Hypericum veronense, Hypericum vulgare (Bauhin)

53. Iris pseudacorus (herb)

Iris pseudacorus is a perennial monocot forb that forms dense stands of robust plants. It thrives in temperate climates and can grow in water up to 25cm deep. It is a fast-growing and fast-spreading invasive plant that can out-compete other wetland plants, forming almost impenetrable thickets. Iris pseudacorus is poisonous to grazing animals and caution should be used if pulling out this plant as it causes skin irritations. It has typically been introduced as an ornamental, but has also been used in erosion control and for making dyes and fibre.

Common Names: fleur-de-lis , iris jaune , pale-yellow iris , water flag , yellow flag , yellow iris , yellow water iris , yellow-flag iris

Synonyms: Iris acoriformis Boreau , Iris acoroides Spach , Iris bastardii Boreau , Iris curtopetala F. Delaroche , Iris flava Tornab. , Iris lutea Lam. , Iris paludosa Pers. , Iris pseudacorus L. var. parviflora Bastard , Iris sativa Mill.

54. Landoltia punctata (aquatic plant)

Native to Southeastern Asia and Australia and arguably to the United States, Landoltia punctata (dotted duckweed) has been introduced to several states in the U.S.A. and many European and Asian countries. It thrives in nutrient rich waters and prefers slow moving or stagnant ponds to enhabitat. Consequences of its introduction are unknown, but its capability to reproduce quickly, disperse rapidly and grow in low oxygen areas make it a potential threat to freshwater systems.

Common Names: dotted duckmeat, dotted duckweed, giant duckweed

Synonyms: Lemna melanorrhiza F. Muell. ex Kurz in J. Bot. 5 (1867), Lemna oligorhiza Kurz in J. Linn. Soc. London 9 (1866), Lemna pleiorrhiza F. Muell. ex Kurz in J. Bot. 5 (1867), Lemna punctata G. Mey., Prim. fl. Esseq. (1818), Spirodela javanica (Bauer) Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895), Spirodela melanorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895), Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm., Lemnaceen (1868), Spirodela pleiorrhiza Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895), Spirodela punctata (G. Mey.) Thompson in Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 9 (1897), Spirodela pusilla Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895)

55. Lespedeza cuneata (herb, shrub)

Lespedeza cuneata is a long-lived perennial that grows well in grasslands, pastures, along roadsides, drainage areas, fencerows and in other disturbed areas. It is often found as a weed in cultivated areas, fallow and abandoned fields, meadows and marshes. It is adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions and is tolerant of drought. Lespedeza cuneata can survive freezing winter temperatures, but is often damaged by late spring freezes. Lespedeza cuneata grows best in deep soils, such as deep sands with organic matter or sandy loams with clay loam subsoil. It will also grow on strongly acidic to neutral soils. Dispersal is aided by animals that consume the fruits then pass the seeds; autumn dispersal is aided by the collection of hay in infested fields.

Common Names: Chinese bush-clover, Chinese lespedeza, hairy lespedeza, Himalayan bushclover, Japanischer Klee, lespedeza perenne, lespédéza soyeux, perennial lespedeza, sericea lespedeza, silky bush-clover

Synonyms: Anthyllis cuneata Dum. Cours., Aspalathus cuneata D. Don, Hedysarum sericeum Thunb., Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea (Maxim.) Steenis, Lespedeza juncea var. sericea Forbes & Hemsl., Lespedeza juncea var. sericea Maxim., Lespedeza sericea Benth., Lespedeza sericea Miq.

56. Ligustrum sinense (tree, shrub)    

Ligustrum sinense is a shrub or small tree native to China, Vietnam and Laos that can grow up to 7 metres tall. Its flowers are small and somewhat unpleasantly fragrant and its fruits are dark blue or bluish-black. Ligustrum sinense has been reported in floodplains, wetlands and bogs, as well as in dry, moist and wet forests, waste places, roadsides and open stream systems. It is widespread and common, especially near towns, where it is deliberately planted. Ligustrum sinense may displace shrubs of alluvial forests and remain persistent in these areas. Ligustrum sinense fruits are consumed by wildlife, particularly birds, which often excrete the seeds unharmed at distant locations where they may germinate and become established. Ligustrum sinense can easily escape cultivation to invade adjacent areas and can form dense monospecific thickets.

Common Names: Chinese ligustrum, Chinese privet, troène de Chine, xiao la

Synonyms: Ligustrum calleryanum Decne., Ligustrum indicum (Lour.) Merr., Ligustrum microcarpum Kaneh. & Sasaki, Ligustrum sinense Lour. var. multiflorum Bowles, Ligustrum sinense Lour. var. villosum (May) Rehder, Ligustrum sinense var. stauntonii (DC.) Rehder, Ligustrum stauntonii DC., Ligustrum villosum May, Olea consanguinea Hance, Olea walpersiana Hance, Phillyrea indica Lour.

57. Ligustrum vulgare (shrub)

Native to Europe and northern Africa, Ligustrum vulgare is a shrub that grows in sandy, loamy and clay soils. Ligustrum vulgare is a perennial shrub that has a maximum height of 4.5 metres and has many branches that flower. Ligustrum vulgare displaces native vegetation by forming dense thickets. Herbicides have been used to control Ligustrum vulgare when the plants are large but the most effective control method is to dig the plants out when they are small.

Common Names: aitalikusteri, common privet, European privet, gewone liguster, golden privet, wild privet

Synonyms: Ligustrum italicum Mill, Olea humilis Salisb.

58. Lonicera japonica (vine, climber)    

Lonicera japonica is an extremely vigorous vine which grows up through the canopy, smothering and ultimately killing the host tree. It competes with native plants for light and nutrients and prevents the understorey and small trees from developing, causing a reduction in forest diversity. Lonicera japonica is shade and drought tolerant, though it needs full to partial sunlight to grow successfully. It spreads rapidly via above-ground runners that root at nodes and its seeds may be eaten by birds and then dispersed. It is planted in gardens and along roadsides for landscaping purposes and can also be spread by the dumping of garden waste.

Common Names: chèvrefeuille, chèvrefeuille du Japon, Chinese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Japanisches Geissblatt, madreselva, madressilva

Synonyms: Caprifolium hallianum Hort., Lonicera brachypoda DC., Lonicera flexuosa Thun., Lonicera japonica var. chinensis, Lonicera japonica var. chinensis (P.W. Wats.) Baker, Nintooa japonica , Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet

59. Lonicera maackii (shrub)

Native to eastern Asia, Lonicera maackii was introduced to the United States as an ornamental shrub. It has since become a problem by out-competing understorey plants. Lonicera maackii can be found on forest edges, fields and disturbed areas. Herbicide is used to control this plant.

Common Names: bush honeysuckle, clématite de Maack, Maacks Heckenkirsche, maak's honeysuckle, tree honeysuckle

Synonyms: Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim.

60. Lotus corniculatus (herb)

Lotus corniculatus (bird's foot trefoil) is a low growing perennial legume that has long been valued as an agricultural crop. Lotus corniculatus is native to much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa, but now has a near global distribution. Over most of its range, Lotus corniculatus is not considered invasive, although in a few areas it has out-competed native vegetation.

Common Names: bacon and eggs, birdfoot deervetch, birdsfoot trefoil, bird's-foot trefoil, bloomfell, buinuzlu Gurdotu, butter and eggs, cat's clover, common lotus, cornette, cornichão, crowtoes, cube, cuernecillo, cuernecillo del campo, Devil's fingers, devil's-claw, Dutchman's clogs, ebert khoshoontzor, ekhdzherarvuit, gafgaz gurdotu, garden birdsfoot trefoil, garden bird's-foot-trefoil, Gemeiner Hornklee, ghizdei marunt, ginestrina, granny's toenails, ground honeysuckle, harilik noiahammas, hen and chickens, hop 'o my thumb, Hornklee, karingtand, keltamaite, komonica zwycrajna, kurdglisprchkhila, kurdlis prukhila, lady's fingers, lady's slippers, lotier corniculé, loto corniculado, lyadvenetz baltiiski , lyadvenetz kavkazski, lyadvenetz komarova, lyadvenetz krymski , lyadvenetz olgi, lyadvenetz polevoi, lyadvenetz rogatyi , lyadvenetz ruprekhta, lyadvenetz somnitelnyi , lyadvenetz zhigulevski, palyavaya akatzyya, paprastasis garzdenis , pied-de-poule, ragaine vanagnadzini , rutvitza ragataya, sheep-foot, tryzaouka, upright trefoil, yellow treefoil, zayachchy bratki

Synonyms: Lotus ambiguus Besser ex Spreng., Lotus ambiguus Spreng, Lotus arvensis Pers., Lotus balticus Miniaev, Lotus carpetanus Lacaita, Lotus caucasicus Kuprian, Lotus caucasicus Kuprian., Lotus ciliatus sensu Schur, Lotus corniculatus L. var. crassifolia Fr., Lotus corniculatus L. var. kochii Chrtkova, Lotus corniculatus L. var. maritimus Rupr., Lotus corniculatus subsp. major (Scop.) Gams, Lotus corniculatus var. arvensis (Pers.) Ser., Lotus corniculatus var. glaber Opiz, Lotus corniculatus var. major (Scop.) Brand, Lotus corniculatus var.arvensis (Schkuhr) Ser. ex DC., Lotus filicaulis Durieu, Lotus frondosus (Freyn) Kuprian, Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.larson, Lotus komarovii Miniaev, Lotus major Scop., Lotus olgae Klokov, Lotus peczoricus Miniaev and Ulle, Lotus ruprechtii Miniaev , Lotus tauricus Juz., Lotus ucrainicus Klokov, Lotus zhegulensis Klokov

61. Lymantria dispar (insect)

Lymantria dispar commonly known as the Asian gypsy moth (AGM), is one of the most destructive pests of shade, fruit and ornamental trees throughout the northern hemisphere. It is also a major pest of hardwood forests. AGM caterpillars cause extensive defoliation, leading to reduced growth or even mortality of the host tree. Their presence can destroy the aesthetic beauty of an area by defoliating and killing the trees and covering the area with their waste products and silk. Scenic areas that were once beautiful have become spotted with dead standing trees where AGM has invaded. Also, urticacious hairs on larvae and egg masses cause allergies in some people.

Common Names: Asian gypsy moth, erdei gyapjaslepke, gubar, gypsy moth, lagarta peluda, limantria, løVstraesnonne, maimai-ga, mniska vel’kohlava, Schwammspinner, spongieuse

Synonyms: Porthetria dispar

62. Lythrum salicaria (aquatic plant, herb)    

Lythrum salicaria is an erect perennial herb with a woody stem and whirled leaves. It has the ability to reproduce prolifically by both seed dispersal and vegetative propagation. Any sunny or partly shaded wetland is vulnerable to L. salicaria invasion, but disturbed areas with exposed soil accelerate the process by providing ideal conditions for seed germination.

Common Names: Blutweiderich, purple loosestrife, rainbow weed, salicaire, spiked loosestrife

Synonyms: Lythrum salicaria var. gracilior Turcz., Lythrum salicaria var. tomentosum (P. Mill.) DC., Lythrum salicaria var. vulgare DC.

63. Melia azedarach (tree, shrub)    

Melia azedarach is a tree of the mahogany family that is native to Australasia and often planted as an ornamental shade tree. It invades along roadways, fencerows and other disturbed areas. Melia azedarach has also been found in upland grasslands, woodlands, pastures and riparian areas. Melia azedarach requires open sun, but adapts to a wide range of soil moisture conditions. It grows between sea level and 700 metres in open dry habitats and is highly resistant to insects and other pathogens. It produces much fruit, which is consumed by birds that disperse the seeds. Melia azedarach also reproduces vegetatively by forming root suckers, which allows it to spread and form dense, thickets.

Common Names: ‘ilinia, ‘inia, alelaila, amargoseira-do-Himalaio , arbre à chapelets , bakain, chinaberry , chuan liang zi , dake, Indian lilac, indischer Zedrachbaum , jazmin, lelah, lilas, lilas de l'Inde, lilas de Perse, lilas des Indes , margosa tree, margosier, melia, para‘isu , paraíso, Persian lilac, persischer Flieder , petit lilas, prais, pride-of-India, sendan , Sichuan pagoda-tree , sili, sita, syringa berrytree , tili, tira , umbrella tree, white cedar

Synonyms: Antelaea javanica Gaertn. , Azedarach amena Raf. , Azedarach deleteria Medik. , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma arguta (DC.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma longifoliola Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma sambucina (Blume) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma squamulosa (C.DC.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma subdentata Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma typica Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze var. australasica (Juss.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze var. dubia (Cav. ex M.Roem.) Kuntze, Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze var. glabrior Kuntze , Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze forma incisodentata Kuntze , Azedarach speciosa Raf. , Azedarach vulgaris M.Gómez , Melia angustifolia Schumach. , Melia arguta DC. , Melia australasica Juss. , Melia australis Sweet, Melia azedarach L. forma albiflora Makino , Melia azedarach L. forma umbraculifera (G.Knox) Rehder, Melia azedarach L. subvar. intermedia Makino , Melia azedarach L. subvar. semperflorens (Makino) Makino, Melia azedarach L. var. acuminatissima Miq. , Melia azedarach L. var. australasica (Juss.) C.DC., Melia azedarach L. var. biglandulosa Pierre ex Pellegr. , Melia azedarach L. var. cochinchinensis (Pierre) Pellegr., Melia azedarach L. var. floribunda (Carrière) Morren, Melia azedarach L. var. glabrior C.DC. , Melia azedarach L. var. glandulosa Pierre , Melia azedarach L. var. incisa Miq. , Melia azedarach L. var. intermedia (Makino) Makino, Melia azedarach L. var. japonica (G.Don) Makino, Melia azedarach L. var. javanica Koord. & Valeton , Melia azedarach L. var. sambucina (Blume) Miq., Melia azedarach L. var. sempervirens L. , Melia azedarach L. var. squamulosa C.DC. , Melia azedarach L. var. subtripinnata Miq. , Melia azedarach L. var. umbraculifera G.Knox , Melia azedarach L. var. umbraculiformis Berckmans & L.H.Bailey , Melia azedarach L. var. umbraculifera Knox , Melia azedarach var. japonica (G. Don) Makino , Melia birmanica Kurz , Melia bogoriensis Koord. & Valeton , Melia candollei Juss. , Melia cochinchinensis M.Roem. , Melia commelinii Medik. , Melia composita Willd. , Melia composita Willd. var. cochinchinensis Pierre , Melia dubia Cav. ex M.Roem. , Melia floribunda Carrière , Melia florida Salisb. , Melia guineensis G.Don , Melia hasskarlii K.Koch , Melia japonica G.Don , Melia japonica G.Don var. semperflorens Makino , Melia japonica G.Don var. squamulosa C.DC. , Melia japonica Hassk. , Melia japonica var. semperflorens Makino, Melia javanica M.Roem. , Melia orientalisM.Roem. , Melia robusta Roxb. ex G.Don , Melia sambucina Blume , Melia sempervirens Sw., Melia superba Roxb. , Melia toosendan Siebold & Zucc.

64. Melilotus alba (herb)

Native to Asia, Europe, and northern Africa, Melilotus alba (commonly known as white sweet clover) was introduced to the United States and first recorded in 1739.

Common Names: almengó blanc, bai hua cao mu xi, bokhara-clover , Bokharaklee, donnik belyi, fehér somkóró, heuin jeon dong ssa ri, hierba orejera, honey clover, honey-lotus, hubam, hubam clover, hvid stenkløver, hvit steinkløver, melilot, melilot blanc , mélilot blanc, meliloto bianco, meliloto blanco, meliloto-branco, Melilotos, mielcón, mielga, nostrzyk bialy, Shirobana shinagawa hagi, trébol de olor blanco , trébol oloroso, tree clover, valkomesikkä, Vit sötväppling, Weisser honigklee, Weißer steinklee, white melilot, white millet, white sweetclover

Synonyms: Melilotus alba Desr., Melilotus alba L., Melilotus albus Medik, Melilotus albus var. annuus H.S. Coe, Melilotus leucanthus W.D.J. Koch ex DC., Melilotus officinalis subsp. albus (Medik.) H. Ohashi and Tateishi

65. Microstegium vimineum (grass)

Microstegium vimineum is an annual grass native to Asia. It grows quickly, produces abundant seed and easily invades habitats that have been disturbed by natural and anthropogenic sources. Microstegium vimineum occupies riparian habitats, lawns, woodland thickets, damp fields and roadside ditches. It is usually found under moderate to dense shade in moist conditions, but it does not persist in areas with periodic standing water, or in full sunlight. The coldest winter temperature at which invasive populations occur is approximately -21° to -23° C. It occurs in soils of average potassium and phosphorus levels but high in nitrogen. Soil acidity, however, may limit nutrient availability. It spreads by rooting at nodes along the stem, and fruits and seeds disperse by water and on animals. Also, fruits have been transported on vehicles, and in hay and soil.

Common Names: annual jewgrass, Asian stilt grass , bamboograss, Chinese packing grass , flexible sesagrass, Japanese grass, Japanese stilt grass , Mary's grass, Nepal grass , Nepal microstegium, Nepalese browntop, Vietnamese stilt grass

Synonyms: Andropogon vimineium, Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze, Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze var. imberbis (Nees ex Steud.) Kuntze , Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze var. variabilis Kuntze , Microstegium aristulatum Robyns & Tournay , Microstegium imberbe (Nees ex Steud.) Tzvelev, Microstegium vimineum var. imberbe, Microstegium willdenovianum Nees ex Lindl., Pollinia imberbis Nees var. genuina Hack. , Pollinia imberbis Nees var. willdenoviana (Nees) Hack. , Pollinia imberbis Nees ex Steud., Pollinia viminea (Trin.) Merr., Pollinia willdenoviana (Nees ex Lindl.) Benth.

66. Miscanthus sinensis (grass)

Originially introduced from Asia in the nursery trade, Miscanthus sinensis is one of the most common ornamental plants. Its height and fast growth enable it to eclipse native vegetation growing close to the soil surface. Although it has not caused as much damage as some invasive grasses, its ability to inhabit disturbed areas and its popularity as an ornamental species make it a serious threat to native flora.

Common Names: chinese fairy grass, chinese silver grass, Chinesisches Stielbluetengras, eulalia, eulalia grass, Gemeines Chinaschilf, japanese silver grass, maiden grass, miscanthus, pampas grass, plume grass, prachtriet, Schilfras, susuki, zebra grass

Synonyms: Eulalia japonica Trin., Miscanthus condensatus Hack., Miscanthus purpurascens Anderss., Miscanthus sinensis f.glaber Honda, Miscanthus sinensis var. condensatus (Hack) Makino, Miscanthus sinensis var. formosanus Hack., Miscanthus sinensis var.gracillimus Hitchc., Miscanthus sinensis var.purpurascens (Anderson) Matsum., Miscanthus sinensis var.variegatus Beal, Miscanthus sinesis var.zebrinus Beal, Saccharum japonicum Thunb., Xiphagrostis condensatus (Hack) W. Wight

67. Morone americana (fish)

Morone americana is a semi-anadromous fish native the Atlantic Coast, that has made its way into the Great Lakes through the Erie and Welland canals. Dense Morone americana populations compete for food and feed on the eggs of native species. Hybridisation with other perch species is another threat that may cause dilution to local species gene pools.

Common Names: Amerikanbassi , Amerikansk bars , bar blanc d'Amerique, baret can, bars, cernier atlantique, havabbor, hvit havabbor, morona, narrow-mouthed bass, perche blanche, robalo do norte, robalo-do-norte, rokiel srebrzysty, sea perch , seebarsch, silver perch, spigola americana, vitabborre, White perch , wreckfish

Synonyms: Morone americanus (Gmelin, 1789) , Morone pallida Mitchill, 1814 , Morone rufa Mitchill, 1814, Perca americana Gmelin, 1789 , Perca immaculata Walbaum, 1792 , Roccus americanus (Gmelin, 1789)

68. Myiopsitta monachus (bird)

Myipositta monachus (monk parakeets) are popular in the pet trade business. Their distinction as the only nest-building parrot has allowed them to adapt to cold climates and urban areas, thus increasing their range when intentionally or unintentionally released. In Argentina, where Myipositta monachus are native, they are reported to cause one billion dollars worth of crop damage annually. They have, as yet, not significantly harmed any other invaded region.

Common Names: burátpapagáj, catita com?n, caturra-da-argentina, convue veuve, cotorra argentina, grey-breasted parakeet, grey-headed parakeet, matto grasso, mniszka, Mönchssittich, monk parakeet, monniksparikiet, munkkiaratti, munkparakit, papo branco, parrocchetto monaco, perruche-souris, quaker conure, quaker parakeet, quaker parrot

Synonyms: Psittacus monachus (Boddaert, 1783)

69. Myocastor coypus (mammal)

Myocastor coypus (coypu) is a large semi-aquatic rodent which originated from South America. However, due to escapes and releases from fur farms there are now large feral populations in North America, Europe and Asia. Their burrows penetrate and damage river banks, dykes and irrigation facilities. Myocastor coypus' feeding methods lead to the destruction of large areas of reed swamp. Habitat loss caused by coypus impacts plant, insect, bird and fish species.

Common Names: Biberratte, coipù, coypu, nutria, ragondin, ratão-do-banhado, Sumpfbiber

70. Myriophyllum aquaticum (aquatic plant)    

Myriophyllum aquaticum is a bright or glaucous green perennial freshwater herb. It exhibits two different leaf forms depending on whether it is growing as a submerged plant or as an emergent. It is found in freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and canals, and appears to be adapted to high nutrient environments. Myriophyllum aquaticum does well in good light and a slightly alkaline environment. Almost all Myriophyllum aquaticum plants are female, and male plants are unknown outside of South America. Rhizomes function as a support structure for adventitious roots and provide buoyancy for emergent growth during the summer. Myriophyllum aquaticum has been introduced for use in indoor and outdoor aquaria. It is also a popular aquatic garden plant. It has escaped cultivation and spread via plant fragments and intentional plantings. Whilst there is some belief that Myriophyllum aquaticum is susceptible to herbicides, there is very little information available regarding successful management.

Common Names: brazilian watermilfoil, myriophylle du Brésil, parrot feather, parrot feather watermilfoil, parrotfeather, parrot's-feather, pinheirinho-d'água, thread-of-life, waterduisendblaar, water-feather

Synonyms: Enydria aquatica (Vell.), Myriophyllum brasiliense (Camb.), Myriophyllum proserpinacoides (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.)

71. Myriophyllum spicatum (aquatic plant)

Myriophyllum spicatum is a submerged aquatic plant that can rapidly colonise a pond, lake or area of slow-moving water. It creates dense mats of vegetation that shade out other native aquatic plants, diminish habitat and food resource value for fish and birds, and decreases oxygen levels in the water when the plant decays.

Common Names: Eurasian water-milfoil, spike water-milfoil

Synonyms: Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. muricatum Maxim.

72. Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (insect)

Ochlerotatus j. japonicus is a species of mosquito known to breed in rock pools and containers such as old tyres. Ochlerotatus j. japonicus has the potential to be an enzootic or epizootic vector of at least three kinds of encephalitis and is currently broadening its introduced range in North America.

Common Names: Asian rock pool mosquito

Synonyms: Aedes japonicus (Reinert, 2000)

73. Oncorhynchus mykiss (fish)    

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) are one of the most widely introduced fish species in the world. Native to western North America, from Alaska to the Baja Peninsula, Oncorhynchus mykiss have been introduced to numerous countries for sport and commercial aquaculture. Oncorhynchus mykiss is highly valued as a sportfish, with regular stocking occurring in many locations where wild populations cannot support the pressure from anglers. Concerns have been raised about the effects of introduced trout in some areas, as they may affect native fish and invertebrates through predation and competition.

Common Names: Alabalik, Alabalik türü, Amerikaniki Pestrofa, Aure, Baiser, Baja California rainbow trout, Brown trout, Coast angel trout, Coast rainbow trout, Coast range trout, Dagova pastarva, Forel rajduzhna, Forelle, Hardhead, Kamchatka steelhead, Kamchatka trout, Kamloops, Kamloops trout, Kirjolohi, K'wsech, Lord-fish, Masu, Nijimasu, Orret, Pastrva, Pestropha, pstrag teczowy, Pstrag teczowy , Pstruh duhový, Pstruh dúhový, rainbow trout, Rainbow trout , Redband, redband trout, Regenbogenforelle, Regenbogenforelle , Regenboogforel, Regnbåge, Regnbågslax, Regnbogasilungur, Regnbueørred, Regnbueørret, Salmon trout, Salmones del Pacífico, Silver trout, Stahlkopfforelle, Stålhovedørred, Steelhead, steelhead trout, Steelhead trout , Summer salmon, Sxew'k'em, Trofta ylberi, Trofte ylberi, Trota, Trota iridea, Trucha, trucha arco iris, Trucha arco iris , Trucha arcoiris, truite arc-en-ciel, Truta , Truta-arco-iris, Urriöi

Synonyms: Fario gairdneri (Richardson, 1836), Onchorrhychus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Oncorhynchus kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni (Evermann, 1908), Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo gairdneri irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo gairdneri shasta (Jordan, 1894), Salmo gairdneri (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gairdnerii irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo gairdnerii (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gilberti (Jordan, 1894), Salmo iridea (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo irideus argentatus (Bajkov, 1927), Salmo irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo kamloops whitehousei (Dymond, 1931), Salmo kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Salmo masoni (Suckley, 1860), Salmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) , Salmo nelsoni (Evermann, 1908), Salmo purpuratus (Pallas, 1814), Salmo rivularis kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Salmo rivularis (Ayres, 1855), Salmo stellatus (Girard, 1856), Salmo truncatus (Suckley, 1859)

74. Onopordum acanthium (herb)

Onopordum acanthium is a herb of the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that is native to Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to temperate climates elsewhere, including much of North America and Australia. In North America, Onopordum acanthium is a weed problem on western rangeland and produces significant economic losses for ranchers. Seeds are dispersed locally by wind, humans, water, livestock, and wildlife are involved in long distance dispersal.

Common Names: cotton thistle, heraldic thistle, Scotch cotton thistle, Scotch thistle, woolly thistle

75. Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius (grass)

Wavyleaf basketgrass (Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius) is a newly discovered subspecies which has established invasive populations in Maryland (USA) and Virginia. It establishes patchy to dense, carpeting populations quickly and is believed to displace native plants and alter environments. Rapid response efforts are underway to contain and eradicate this species from known locations by hand-pulling and herbicide use.

Common Names: wavyleaf basketgrass

Synonyms: Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Beauv.

76. Orconectes virilis (crustacean)

Orconectes virilis (northern crayfish) is closely related to the lobster. Orconectes virilis can be found in lakes, rivers, streams, marshes and ponds, and requires shelter in the form of rocks, logs or thick vegetation in which to hide from predators. Its spread is fostered by its popularity as a food and as baitfish. Orconectes virilis is also spread via the aquarium trade as pets or as food for predaceous fishes.

Common Names: northern crayfish, virile crayfish

77. Osteopilus septentrionalis (amphibian)    

  See eradication or other absence information

The Cuban treefrog, Osteopilus septentrionalis is a voracious, nocturnal predator that eats any prey that it can grab, including members of its own species, other frogs, lizards, insects, spiders, and small snakes. It is an arboreal species, but it can also survive in moist areas. It is an excellent climber and is variable in color. This species is a threat to native species primarily through predation and competition. The Cuban treefrog is easily distinguishable from other frogs by its comparably large size and warty skin. This species is very successful in colonizing and has a long life span, which can make it a very significant problem in regions where it is introduced.

Common Names: Cuban Treefrog, Giant Tree-frog, Marbled Tree-toad, rainette de Cuba, rana cubana, rana platernera

Synonyms: Dendrohyas septentrionalis Tschudi, 1838, Hyla dominicensis insulsa Mittleman, 1950, Hyla dominicensis septentrionalis Mertens, 1939, Hyla insulsa Mittleman, 1950, Hyla lesueurii Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828, Hyla microterodisca Werner, 1921, Hyla schebestana Werner, 1917, Hyla sueurri Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1831, Osteopilus septentrionalis Duméril & Bibron, 1841, Trachycephalus insulsus Cope, 1864 , Trachycephalus marmoratus Duméril & Bibron, 1841, Trachycephalus septentrionanlis Barbour, 1904, Trachycephalus wrightii Cope, 1864

78. Paratrechina longicornis (insect)

Paratrechina longicornis (the crazy ant) is a tramp ant, which, by definition, is an ant that is widely dispersed through commerce and other human-assisted avenues. It is extremely easy to identify by observing its rapid and erratic movements. Paratrechina longicornis is highly adaptable to various environments and can be a major pest. It occurs in large numbers in homes or outdoors and is capable of displacing other ants and possibly other invertebrates. Paratrechina longicornis forages over long distances away from its nest, making the nest hard to find and the ants difficult to control.

Common Names: crazy ant , hairy ant , higenaga-ameiro-ari , long-horned ant, slender crazy ant

Synonyms: Formica gracilescens Nylander (1856) , Formica longicornis Latreille (1802) , Formica vagans Jerdon (1851) , Paratrechina currens Motschoulsky (1863) , Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) (1925), Prenolepis (Nylanderia) longicornis Emery (1910) , Prenolepis longicornis Roger (1863) , Tapinoma gracilescens F. Smith (1858)

79. Passer domesticus (bird)    

Passer domesticus (the house sparrow) is a small bird, native to Eurasia and northern Africa, that was intentionally introduced to the Americas. Passer domesticus are non-migratory birds that are often closely associated with human populations and are found in highest abundance in agricultural, suburban and urban areas. They tend to avoid woodlands, forests, grasslands and deserts. Particularly high densities of Passer domesticus were found where urban settlements meet agricultural areas. They may evict native birds from their nests and out-compete them for trophic resources. Early in its invasion of North America, Passer domesticus began attacking ripening grains on farmland and was considered a serious agricultural pest. Recent surveys indicate populations are declining.

Common Names: English sparrow, Europese huismuis, gorrion casero, Gorrion domestico, house sparrow, house sparrow, moineau domestique, town sparrow

80. Paulownia tomentosa (tree)

Paulownia tomentosa is a small to medium sized tree, native to Asia that was introduced to North America as an ornamental but is now also commercially farmed. Paulownia tomentosa grows best on moist, well-drained soils on steep slopes or open valleys, but it can also establish itself readily on poor quality sites, such as abandoned surface mines, along roadways, railways and steep, rocky waterways. Paulownia tomentosa is considered to be an aggressive ornamental tree that grows rapidly in disturbed natural areas.

Common Names: empress tree, foxglove-tree , karritree, kiri, princess tree

81. Phragmites australis (grass)

Phragmites australis grows on level ground in tidal and non-tidal marshes, lakes, swales and backwater areas of rivers and streams. It is found on sites that are seasonally flooded with not more than 50cm of water. It grows on most soil textures from fine clay to sandy loams and is somewhat tolerant of saline or alkaline conditions. Phragmites australis is especially common along railroad tracks, roadside ditches and piles of dredge spoil, wherever slight depressions will hold water. Throughout most of its range, it typically forms closed mono-dominant stands in both disturbed and pristine areas. It is capable of vigorous vegetative reproduction and its seeds, which are normally dispersed by wind, may be transported by birds that nest among the reeds. The seeds are also dispersed by water. Newly opened sites may be colonised by seed or by rhizome fragments carried to the area in soils and on machinery or naturally in floodwaters. Invasion and continued spread is aided by disturbances or stresses such as pollution, alteration of the natural hydrologic regime, dredging and increased sedimentation. In coastal marshes, spread of Phragmites australis is also facilitated by natural disturbance caused by tidal movements of dead vegetation.

Common Names: cane, caniço, carrizo común, common reed, ditch reed, giant reed, giant reedgrass, phragmites, reed grass, roseau, roseau cane, roseau commun, Schilf, schilfrohr, yellow cane

Synonyms: Arundo aggerum Kittel, Arundo altissima Benth., Arundo australis Cav., Arundo barbata Burchell, Arundo graeca Link, Arundo isiaca Delile, Arundo karka Retz., Arundo maxima Forssk., Arundo palustris Salisb., Arundo phragmites L., Arundo phragmites L. var. humilis (DeNot.) Asch. & Graebn., Arundo phragmites L. var. isiaca Griseb., Arundo vallatoria Gray, Arundo vulgaris Lam., Calamagrostis nigricans Merat, Cynodon phragmites (L.) Raspail, Czernya arundinacea C.Presl, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. altissimus (Benth.) Clayton, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) C.F.Reed, Phragmites berlandieri E.Fourn., Phragmites communis Trin., Phragmites communis Trin. forma flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma isiacus (Griseb.) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma nigricans (Merat) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) A.Löve & D.Löve, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. isiacus (Griseb.) Oppenh. & Evenari, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Clayton, Phragmites communis Trin. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Fernald, Phragmites communis Trin. var. flavescens Custor ex Gaudin, Phragmites communis Trin. var. humilis (DeNot.) Parl., Phragmites communis Trin. var. isiacus (Griseb.) Coss., Phragmites communis Trin. var. vulgaris Boenn., Phragmites flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Hegetschw. & Heer, Phragmites humilis DeNot., Phragmites isiacus Kunth, Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Moldenke, Phragmites nakaiana Honda, Phragmites phragmites (L.) H.Karst., Phragmites vulgaris Crep., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. humilis (DeNot.) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. isiacus (Griseb.) T.Durand & Schinz, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. typicus Beck, Phragmites vulnerans Asch., Reimaria diffusa Spreng., Trichoon karka (Retz.) Roth, Trichoon phragmites (L.) Rendle, Xenochloa arundinacea Lichtenstein ex Roem. & Schult.

82. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (=Fallopia japonica (Houtt. Dcne.) (herb, shrub)    

Polygonum cuspidatum is an herbaceous perennial native to Japan. It has been introduced to Europe and North America as an ornamental and is also used to stabilise soil, especially in coastal areas. It requires full sun and is found primarily in moist habitats but also grows in waste places, along roadways and other disturbed areas. Once established, P. cuspidatum forms dense stands that shade and crowd out all other vegetation, displacing native flora and fauna, and the overwintering canes and leaves are slow to decompose.

Common Names: crimson beauty, donkey rhubarb, German sausage, huzhang , itadori , Japanese bamboo, Japanese fleece flower, Japanese knotweed, Japanese polygonum, kontiki bamboo, Mexican-bamboo , peashooter plant, renouée du Japon, reynoutria fleece flower, sally rhubarb

Synonyms: Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Dcne., Pleuropterus cuspidatus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Moldenke, Pleuropterus zuccarinii (Small) Small, Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc., Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. var. compactum (Hook f.) Bailey, Polygonum zuccarinii Small, Reynoutria japonica Houtt.

83. Polygonum perfoliatum (herb)

Polygonum perfoliatum is an herbaceous, annual, trailing vine of the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae) that is native to Asia. It generally colonises open and disturbed areas, along the edges of woods, wetlands, stream banks and roadsides. It also occurs in environments that are extremely wet with poor soil structure. Available light and soil moisture are both integral to the successful colonisation of Polygonum perfoliatum. Birds are probably the primary long-distance dispersal agents, but water is also an important mode of dispersal, especially during storm events when high water may spread the plant throughout watersheds. Polygonum perfoliatum is also spread by the transporting of nursery stock.

Common Names: Asiatic tearthumb, devil's-tail tearthumb, ishimikawa, mile-a-minute-vine, mile-a-minute-weed, minuteweed, tearthumb

Synonyms: Ampelygonum perfoliatum (L.) Roberty & Vautier, Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross

84. Populus alba (tree)

Populus alba is a member of the willow family (Salicaceae) that is native to Eurasia. It is a dioecious species and female mature trees can produce large seed crops. Populus alba spreads to new locations when mature trees release thousands of wind-dispersed seeds that may be carried long distances. It is an especially strong competitor as it can grow in a variety of soils and resprout easily in response to damage. Local spread of male and female trees occurs vegetatively via root suckers.

Common Names: alamo blanco, gattice, gin-doro, hakuyo, peuplier blanc, pioppo bianco, silber-pappel, silver-leaf poplar, urajiro-hako-yanagi, white poplar, xin bai yang

Synonyms: Populus alba L. var. bolleana (Lauche), Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis (Bunge)

85. Potamogeton crispus (aquatic plant)

Potamogeton crispus is an aquatic plant that grows in fresh and slightly brackish waters. It becomes invasive in some areas because of its tolerance to low light and low water temperatures. These tolerances allow it to outcompete native plants in the spring. Using this life cycle, P. crispus can be controlled best in spring or early summer when native species are still dormant and temperatures are low enough for endothal herbicides to be effective.

Common Names: curly pondweed, curly-leaved pondweed

86. Procambarus clarkii (crustacean)

Procambarus clarkii is a hardy warm water freshwater crayfish that is typically found in marshes, rivers, slow flowing water, reservoirs, irrigation systems, and rice fields. It may become a keystone species, affecting many components of the ecosystem inhabits and altering the nature of native plant and animal communities. It is an aggressive competitor with native crayfish, and its burrowing behaviour may cause significant agricultural problems. Management strategies include prohibiting the transport of live crayfish, restocking habitats with native crayfish, and improving public education about the risks alien crayfish pose to the environment. Encouraging farming of native species as well as research into managing, economically productive harvests of native crayfish has the potential to reduce the numbers of alien crayfish imported and farmed.

Common Names: Louisiana crayfish, red swamp crayfish

87. Pueraria montana var. lobata (vine, climber)

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata ) roots can comprise over 50% of the plant’s biomass, serving as an organ for carbohydrate storage for recovery after disturbance and making it difficult to control the weed with herbicides. Only in the southeastern United States is kudzu considered a serious pest, however, it is recently established and invasive in Europe in Italy and Switzerland. Impacts of kudzu include loss of productivity of forestry plantations (estimated at about 120 USD per hectare per year) and smothering and killing of native plants.

Common Names: acha, aka, foot-a-night vine, Japanese arrowroot, Ko-hemp, Kopoubohne, kudzu, kudzu común, kudzu vine, Kudzu-Kletterwein, kuzu, nepalem, vigne japonaise, vine-that-ate-the-South, wa yaka

Synonyms: Dolichos hirsutus Thunberg, Dolichos lobatus Willd., Pachyrrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zuccarini, Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) C. Schneider, Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii (Benth.) Maesen, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.), Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth.

88. Pylodictis olivaris (fish)

Pylodictis olivaris is one of the largest members of the catfish family and its introduction is the most biologically harmful of all fish introductions in North America as it predates heavily on native fish. Native to the warm water streams and rivers of the Mississippi River basin, it has been introduced east of the Appalachian Mountains and into several western states. P. olivaris prefers the slow moving water of large rivers and lakes and can be spread by unintentional stock contamination of channel catfish shipments, but in most cases, it has been intentionally stocked.

Common Names: mud cat, opelousas, shovelhead cat, yellow cat

Synonyms: Hopladelus olivaris, Leptops olivaris, Opladelus olivaris, Pelodichthys olivaris, Silurus olivaris

89. Rangia cuneata (mollusc)

Rangia cuneata clams inhabit low salinity estuarine habitats and are, as such, most commonly found in areas with salinities from 5-15 PSU. Along the Mexican Gulf coast, they form the basis for an economically important clam fishery. A combination of low salinity, high turbidity and a soft substrate of sand, mud and vegetation appears to be the most favourable habitat for Rangia cuneata. The species has recently been found in European brackish waters. After initially finding only a few small individuals in 2005, Rana cuneata was encountered frequently in the pipes of the cooling water system of an industrial plant from February 2006 onwards. Before this present record, R. cuneata was only known from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of North America.

Common Names: Atlantic rangia, common rangia, wedge clam

90. Ranunculus ficaria (herb)

Ranunculus ficaria is a perennial plant and spring ephemeral (lasting for a very short time) that spends much of the year underground as thickened tubers. In the North American region, native ephemeral wildflowers grow and flower early in the spring before leaf-out of the forest canopy. Ranunculus ficaria uses this same strategy, but starts growing earlier in the season and is far more aggressive in its use of space. It out-competes native plants through its extremely early seasonal growth and forms extensive carpets in natural areas, crowding out native plants. Management primarily consists of delicate chemical treatments that must occur before native species emerge. Care must also be taken not to cause harm to flora that is emergent during chemical treatments.

Common Names: ficaire, fig buttercup , lesser celandine, pilewort , renoncule ficaire

91. Rhamnus cathartica (tree)

Rhamnus cathartica commonly known as common or European buckthorn is a deciduous small tree that prefers lightly shaded conditions. It is tolerant of many soil types and can be found in open oak woods, deadfall openings in woodlands and edges of woodlands. It may also be found in prairies and open fields. It tends to form dense, often even-aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs. In fire-adapted ecosystems the lack of vegetation under buckthorn prohibits fires. R. cathartica is also an alternate host of the crown rust of oats. Fire is very effective in controlling R. cathartica and is a preferred method when the population is young. In wetlands water tables have been artificially lowered in order to attempt to control this species.

Common Names: buckthorn, Carolina buckthorn, cervispina, common buckthorn , épine noire, espinheiro-cerval, European buckthorn , European waythorn , Hart's thorn , Kreuzdorn, nerprun cathartique, nerprun purgatif, tamuje

92. Ricinus communis (tree, shrub)    

Ricinus communis is a perennial shrub that can assume tree-like status if it establishes in a suitable climate. It is frequently found invading riparian areas where it displaces native vegetation. The seed of this species is toxic to variety of species including humans. Consuming only a few seeds can be fatal.

Common Names: agaliya, agaliya , belenivavalagi, castor, castor bean, castor-oil-plant , gelug, higuerilla, ka'apeha, kamakou, kasterolieboom, koli, la'au 'aila, lama palagi, lama palagi, lama papalagi, lepo , maskerekur, maskerekur, mbele ni vavalagi, pa'aila , pakarana, pakarani, palma-christi, pititu , ricin, rícino, Rizinus, tiairi , tiairi papa'a, tiairi popa'a, tiarili, toto ni vavalagi, toto ni vavalagi, tuitui, tuitui fua ikiiki , tuitui papa'a, uluchula skoki, uluchula skoki , utouto

Synonyms: Ricinus africanus Willd. , Ricinus angulatus Thunb. , Ricinus armatus Haw. , Ricinus badius Rchb. , Ricinus chinensis Thunb. , Ricinus digitatus Noronha , Ricinus europaeus T.Nees , Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns. , Ricinus hybridus Besser , Ricinus inermis Mill. , Ricinus japonicus Thunb. , Ricinus laevis DC. , Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol. , Ricinus lividus Jacq. , Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol. , Ricinus medicus Forssk. , Ricinus megalospermus Delile , Ricinus minor Mill. , Ricinus nanus Balbis , Ricinus peltatus Noronha , Ricinus purpurascens Bertol. , Ricinus rugosus Mill. , Ricinus sanguineus Groenland , Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris , Ricinus speciosus Burm.f. , Ricinus spectabilis Blume , Ricinus tunisensis Desf. , Ricinus undulatus Besser , Ricinus urens Mill. , Ricinus viridis Willd. , Ricinus vulgaris Mill.

93. Rosa bracteata (shrub)

Rosa bracteata (Macartney rose) is an evergreen perennial shrub, native to Asia, that has been introduced to the United States as an ornamental and used for livestock containment, erosion control, enrichment and cross-breeding rose cultivars. Since its introduction, Rosa bracteata has become invasive throughout the southeastern United States, especially in Texas where it is estimated to inhabit more than 250,000ha. It forms dense thickets and dominates habitats resulting in the reduction of foraging capacity of pastures and grasslands it readily overtakes and the displacement of native species.

Common Names: Chickasaw rose, Fragrant White Climbing Rose, Macartney rose, rose hedge, shuo bao qiang wei

94. Rosa multiflora (shrub)

Rosa multiflora is a perennial shrub that forms dense, impenetrable thickets of vegetation . It colonises roadsides, old fields, pastures, prairies, savannas, open woodlands and forest edges and may also invade dense forests where disturbance provides canopy gaps. It reproduces by seed and by forming new plants that root from the tips of arching canes that contact the ground. Rosa multiflora is tolerant of a wide range of soil and environmental conditions and is thought to be limited by intolerance to extreme cold temperatures. Many species of birds and mammals feed on the hips of Rosa multiflora; dispersing the seeds widely. R. multiflora can colonise gaps in late-successional forests, even though these forests are thought to be relatively resistant to invasion by non-native species. It invades pasture areas, degrades forage quality, reduces grazing area and agricultural productivity and can cause severe eye and skin irritation in cattle. There are many strategies available to manage and control R. multiflora involving physical, chemical and biological means.

Common Names: baby rose, Japanese rose, multiflora rose, seven-sisters rose

Synonyms: Rosa cathayensis (Rehd. & Wilson) Bailey

95. Rubus discolor (vine, climber)

Rubus discolor is a perennial species of blackberry that forms large impenetrable thickets of prickly canes. Thickets can become so dense that native species diversity is reduced through shading out and inaccessibility. Thorny stems block access of humans, livestock, equipment and vehicles to pastures and waterways, and leaf litter accumulations within thickets, creating potential fire hazards.

Common Names: Armenian blackberry, Himalayan blackberry

Synonyms: Rubus armeniacus, Rubus fruticosus L., Rubus grabowskii Weihe ex Gunther et al., Rubus macrostemon (Focke) Sampaio, Rubus praecox Bertol., Rubus procerus auct. non P.J. Muell. ex Genev, Rubus thyrsanthus (Focke) Foerster.

96. Salix cinerea (tree, shrub)

Salix cinerea can be classified as a shrub or small tree. It has become particularly invasive in the Australasian-Pacific region where it is extremely hardy and tolerant of a wide range of soils and habitats, including areas that were previously uninhabited. Salix cinerea will obstruct and divert streams, invading shallow water by the layering of branches and toppling of over-mature, live stems. Displacement of native vegetation occurs with a loss of biodiversity, and reduction in the quantity and quality. The root system can modify banks and streams, eliminating niches for a variety of organisms.

Common Names: asch Weide , graa pil , Grau Weide , gray sallow, gray willow, pussy willow, salice cerognolo , saule cendré , wierzba szara

Synonyms: Salix acuminata Mill., Salix aquatica Sm., Salix cinerea f. tricolor Dippel

97. Salmo salar (fish)    

Salmo salar ranks among the most popularly cultivated fish in the world. Commercial stocks have inflicted significant impacts of wild populations of wild salmon and other fish by way of competition, hybridization, and spread of disease. Great care should be taken to protect these wild fish populations while cultivating S. salar.

Common Names: alabalik atlantik, Amerikanskiy atlanticheskiy losos', Atlanterhavslaks, Atlantic salmon , Atlantic salmon, Atlantischer salmon, Atlantisk laks, black salmon, bradan, braddan, breeder, caplin-scull salmon, common atlantic salmon, echter lachs, fiddler, grayling, grilse, grilt, gullspångslax, hengst, hoplax, Ijle zalm, Jacobzalm, kapisalirksoak, kapisilik, kavisilik, kebleriksorsoak, kelt, kumaliq, kutenut lohi, k'wit'thet, k'wolexw, lachs, laks, laks, laks atlantisk, landlocked salmon, las, lax, lax, lax, lohi, losos, losos, losos, losos atlantsky, losos obecný, losos szlachetny a. atlantycki, N. Atlantic salmon, nedfaldslaks, ouananiche, ouinanish, outside salmon, parr, saama, saamakutaak, saamarug, sake masu-rui, salmao, salmão, salmâo-do-atlântico, sãlmao-do-atlântico, salmling, salmo, salmó, salmon, salmón, salmón del atlántico, salmon peel, salmone, salmone atlantico, salmone del reno, sâma, saumon atlantique , saumon d'eau douce, schaanexw, sea salmon, sebago salmon, semga, shamet skelex, shmexwalsh, silver salmon, sináech, skællaks, sk'wel'eng's schaanexw, slhop' schaanexw, slink, smolt, solomos, solomós, somon de atlantic, spak'ws schaanexw, spring fish, spring salmon, st'thkway', tacon atlantique, unaniche, vraklax, winnish, zalm

Synonyms: Salmo brevipes Smitt, 1882, Salmo caerulescens Schmidt, 1795, Salmo goedenii Bloch, 1784, Salmo gracilis Couch, 1865, Salmo hamatus Cuvier, 1829, Salmo hardinii Günther, 1866, Salmo nobilis Olafsen, 1772, Salmo nobilis Pallas, 1814, Salmo ocla Nilsson, 1832, Salmo renatus Lacepède, 1803, Salmo rilla Lacepède, 1803, Salmo salar biennis Berg, 1912, Salmo salar brevipes relictus Berg, 1932, Salmo salar brevipes Smitt, 1882, Salmo salar europaeus Payne, Child & Forrest, 1971, Salmo salar saimensis Seppovaara, 1962, Salmo salar lacustris Hardin, 1862, Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758, Salmo salmo Valenciennes, 1848, Salmo salmulus Walbaum, 1792, Trutta relicta Malmgren, 1863, Trutta salar (Linnaeus, 1758)

98. Salmo trutta (fish)    

Salmo trutta has been introduced around the world for aquaculture and stocked for sport fisheries. It is blamed for reducing native fish populations, especially other salmonids, through predation, displacement and food competition. It is a popular angling fish.

Common Names: an breac geal, aure, bachforelle, blacktail, breac geal, brook trout, brown trout, denizalabaligi, denizalasi, Europäische Forelle, finnock, forelle, galway sea trout, gillaroo, gwyniedyn, havørred, havsöring, herling, hirling, kumzha, k'wsech, lachförch, lachsforelle, lassföhren, losos taimen, losos' taimen, mahiazad-e-daryaye khazar, meerforelle, meritaimen, morska postrv, morskaya forel', orange fin, öring, orkney sea trout, ørred, ørret, pastrav de mare, peal, pstruh morsky, pstruh obecný, pstruh obecný severomorský, pstruh obycajný, salmo trota, salmon trout, sea trout, sewin, siwin, sjøaure, sjøørret, sjourrioi, taimen, thalasopestrofa, troc, troc wedrowna, trota fario, trout, trucha, trucha común, trucha marina, truita, truite brune, truite brune de mer, truite de mer, truite d'europe, truta marisca, truta-de-lago, truta-fário, truta-marisca, urriði, whiting, whitling, zeeforel

Synonyms: Fario argenteus Valenciennes, 1848, Salar ausonii parcepunctata Heckel & Kner, 1858, Salar ausonii semipunctata Heckel & Kner, 1858, Salar ausonii Valenciennes, 1848, Salar bailloni Valenciennes, 1848, Salar gaimardi Valenciennes, 1848, Salar spectabilis Valenciennes, 1848, Salmo albus Bonnaterre, 1788, Salmo albus Walbaum, 1792, Salmo brachypoma Günther, 1866, Salmo caecifer Parnell, 1838, Salmo cambricus Donovan, 1806, Salmo caspius Kessler, 1877, Salmo cornubiensis Walbaum, 1792, Salmo cumberland Lacepède, 1803, Salmo eriox Linnaeus, 1758, Salmo fario loensis Walbaum, 1792, Salmo fario major Walecki, 1863, Salmo gadoides Lacepède, 1803, Salmo gallivensis Günther, 1866, Salmo islayensis Thomson, 1873, Salmo lacustris septentrionalis Fatio, 1890, Salmo levenensis Yarrell, 1839, Salmo mistops Günther, 1866 , Salmo montana Walker, 1812, Salmo orcadensis Günther, 1866, Salmo orientalis McClelland, 1842, Salmo phinoc Shaw, 1804, Salmo polyosteus Günther, 1866, Salmo saxatilis Paula Schrank, 1798, Salmo spurius Pallas, 1814, Salmo stroemii Gmelin, 1788, Salmo sylvaticus Gmelin, 1788, Salmo taurinus Walker, 1812, Salmo trutta abanticus Tortonese, 1954, Salmo trutta ciscaucasicus Dorofeyeva, 1967, Salmo trutta ezenami (non Berg, 1948), Salmo trutta trutta Linnaeus, 1761, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1759, Trutta fluviatilis Duhamel, 1771, Trutta marina Duhamel, 1771, Trutta marina Moreau, 1881, Trutta salmanata Ström, 1784, Trutta salmonata Rutty, 1772

99. Salsola tragus (shrub)

Salsola tragus is an annual weed that begins life as a typical multiple branched bush but then takes on a spherical form. Once the spherical form is achieved the plant breaks at the soil line and becomes a tumbleweed which is blown by the wind, spreading thousands of seeds. It is abundant in semi-desert regions and is a typical plant of salty soils, where rainfall is not abundant. It infests range and semi-arid pasture lands as well as cropland, railroad, and highway rights of way, as well as vacant agricultural, residential and industrial areas. Salsola tragus is a road hazard, as tumbling plants can surprise drivers and cause traffic accidents. It is also responsible for allergic sensitisation in Europe and North America. It should be noted that nitrates and soluble oxalates accumulate in the plants photosynthetic parts at levels poisonous to sheep.

Common Names: ci sha peng, hari-hijikii, Russian tumbleweed, Russian-cactus, Russian-thistle, soude épineuse, soude roulante, spineless saltwort, tumbleweed, Ukraine Salzkraut

Synonyms: Salsola australis R. Br., Salsola iberica auct., Salsola kali auct. w. N. Amer., Salsola kali subsp. iberica (Sennen & Pau) Rilke, Salsola kali subsp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó, Salsola kali subsp. tragus (L.) Nyman, Salsola kali var. tenuifolia Tausch, Salsola pestifer A. Nelson, Salsola ruthenica Iljin, Salsola tragus subsp. iberica Sennen & Pau

100. Salvelinus fontinalis (fish)

Introduced as a highly desirable fish for both angling and aquaculture throughout the world, Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) is an invasive that threatens native amphibians and fish, as well as the ecology of lakes and streams. Several native fish and amphibians face threatened or endangered status as a result of their introduction. Removal of Salvelinus fontinalis has been conducted in many places to allow for the recovery of endemic species.

Common Names: Âait, aanaatlik, aanak, American brook charr, Amerikanischer bachsaibling, Amerikanischer saibling, Amerikanski goletz, Amerikanskiy golets, ana, Âna, anakleq, anokik, anuk, aurora trout, azad mahi cheshmahi, Bachsaibling, bäckröding, baiser, Beekforel, bekkeror, bekkerøye, breeder, bronforel, brook char, brook charr, brook trout, brookie, char, coaster, common brook trout, eastern brook trout, eastern speckled trout, Elsässer saibling, fântânel, giigaq, humpbacked trout, i ha luk, iqaluk, iqaluk tasirsiutik, kawamasu, kaynak alabaligi, kildeorred, kildeørred, lindableikja, lord-fish, masamek, masamekos, masamekw, masumèk, mountain trout, mud trout, native trout, omble de fontaine, pastrav fântânel, pataki szajbling, pstrag zrodlany, puronieriä, salmerino di fontaine, salmerino di fontana, salmerino di fonte, salter, salvelino, salvelinos, saumon de fontaine, sea trout, siven, siven americký, sivon americký, sivon potocny, slob, speckled char, speckled trout, specks, squaretail, square-tail, squaretailed trout, Tiegerfisch, trout, trucha de arroyo, truite, truite de mer, truite mouchetée, truta-das-fontes, whitefin

Synonyms: Baione fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814), Salmo canadensis Griffith & Smith, 1834, Salmo fontinalis Mitchill, 1814, Salmo hudsonicus Suckley, 1861, Salvelinus timagamiensis Henn & Rinckenbach 1925

101. Salvelinus namaycush (fish)

Salvelinus namaycush is a freshwater fish of the trout family, found primarily in lakes and large rivers worldwide. The distribution is broad due to the sport fishing industry and the demand for Salvelinus namaycush. In many of the introduced locations Salvelinus namaycush is an invasive species and reduces native biodiversity through competition and predation of endemic species. There have been some successful attempts to control Salvelinus namaycush using gillnetting and trapping.

Common Names: akalukpik, Amerikanische Seeforelle, Amerikanischer seesaibling, Amerikansk søørred, Canadarødding, Canadaröding, Canadarøding, Canadaröye, Canadarøye, Col-lic-puk, cristivomer, Great Lakes char, Great Lakes trout, grey trout, harmaanieriä, hupin, iclook, idlorak, ihok, iiuuraq, ikalukpik, ikhiloktok, ikhloark, ilortoq, iqluq, ishioraliktâq, islorak, isok, isuuq, isuuqiaq, isuuqiq, isuuraaryuk, isuuraq, ivitaruk, kanadarødding, kanadaröding, kanadarøding, keyteeleek, k'wit'thet, k'wsech, lake charr, lake trout, laker, landlocked salmon, Mackinaw trout, Masamacush, milaqkkâyoq, mountain trout, murta, naaqtuuq, näluarryuk, namaycush, namekus, nauktoq, nemakos, nemeks, némèkus, omble d'Amérique, omble du Canada, salmon trout, salvelino-lacustre, severoamerikanskiy kristivomer, shamet skelex, shmexwalsh, sigguayaq, siscowet, siscowet, siuktuuk, siuyuktuuq, siven obrovký, sivon velký, sk'wel'eng's schaanexw, slhop' schaanexw, spak'ws schaanexw, taque, togue, touladi, trota di lago americana, trucha lacustre, truite de lac d'Amérique, truite grise, truta-do-lago

Synonyms: Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum, 1792), Cristovomer namayacush (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo amethystinus (Mitchill, 1818, Salmo amethystus (Mitchill, 1818, Salmo confinis (DeKay, 1842), Salmo ferox (Perley, 1852), Salmo namaycush (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo pallidus (Rafinesque, 1817), Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792)

102. Setaria verticillata (grass)

Setaria verticillata is a native European grass, invading agricultural, urban, and other disturbed areas throughout North America, Central America, South America Africa, Asia, and the North and South Pacific. A problematic crop weed S. verticillata, has inflicted considerable environmental and economic costs, is known to adapt to local conditions rapidly, and has developed resistance to atrazine and other C 1/5 herbicides.

Common Names: almorejo, almorejo verticilado, alorejo, amor de hortelano, bristly foxtail, bur bristle grass, bur grass, capim-grama, carreig, cola de zorro, dukhain, fieno stellino, foxtail, hooked bristlegrass, kamala, khishin, kirpi dari, Kletten Borstenhirse, kolvhirs, Kransnaaldaar, lagartera, lossaig, mau‘ pilipili , milha-verticilada, oehoe, panico maggiore, panissola, pata de gallina, pega-pega, pega-saias, quam el-far, Quirl Bortenhirse, rabo de zorro, rough bristle grass, setaire verticillée, whorled pigeon grass, Wirtel Borstenhirse, yah hang chnig-chok, zacate pegarropa, zaratsukienokorogusa

Synonyms: Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) (Scribn.), Ixophorus verticillatus (L.) (Nash, 1859), Panicum adhaerens (Forssk., 1775), Panicum aparine (Steud., 1854) , Panicum asperum (Lamk., 1778), Panicum respiciens (A. Rich., 1854), Panicum rottleri (Nees, 1841) , Panicum verticillatum (L., 1762), Panicum verticillatum L., Pennisetum respiciens (A. Rich., 1851) , Pennisetum verticillatum (L.) (Nash, 1817), Pennisetum verticillatum R. Br., Setaria adhaerens (Forssk., 1919), Setaria ambigua (Guss.), Setaria aparine (Stued. 1912), Setaria carnei (A.S. Hitchc.), Setaria nubica (Link), Setaria respiciens (A. Rich, 1852), Setaria verticillformis (Dumort.), Setaria virdis (Terracc., 1894)

103. Solanum sisymbriifolium (herb)

Solanum sisymbriifolium is a viscid, hairy herb native to South America that is currently distributed throughout the world. It is valued for its many uses, which include its use as a trap crop for potato cyst nematodes, and the use of its fruit as both a source of solasodine (used to synthsise hormones) and as a food for birds and humans. However, it acts as an invasive weed in some parts of its range by out-competing local vegetation. Biological control methods for Solanum sisymbriifolium have been determined and applied in some regions.

Common Names: alco-Chileo, arrabenta cavalo, dense-thorn bitter apple, doringtamatie, espina colorada, fire and ice plant, jeweelie, joão bravo, jua das queimadas, jua de roca, klebriger nachtschatten, litchi tomato, liuskakoiso, manacader, morelle de balbis, mullaca espinudo, ocote mullaca, pilkalapis baklazanas, puca-puca, raukenblatt-nachtschatten, red buffalo-burr, revienta caballo, sticky nightshade, tomatillo, tutia, tutia o Espina Colorada, uvilla, viscid nightshade, wild tomato, wildetamatie

Synonyms: Solanum balbisii Dunal., Solanum balbisii var. bipinnata Hook., Solanum balbisii var. oligospermum Sendtn., Solanum balbisii var. purpureum Hook., Solanum bipinnatifidum Larrañaga., Solanum brancaefolium Jacq., Solanum decurrens Balb., Solanum edule Vell., Solanum formosum Weinm., Solanum inflatum Hornem., Solanum mauritianum Willd., Solanum opuliflorum Port., Solanum rogersii S.Moore., Solanum sabeanum Buckley., Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam., Solanum sisymbriifolium purpureiflorum Dunal., Solanum sisymbriifolium forma albiflorum Kuntze., Solanum sisymbriifolium forma lilacinum Kuntze., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. bipinnatipartitum Dunal., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. brevilobum Dunal., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. gracile Mattos., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. heracleifolium Sendtn., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. macrocarpum Kuntze., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. oligospermum, Solanum subviscidum Schrank, Denkschr., Solanum thouinii C.C. Gmel., Solanum viscidum Schweigg., Solanum viscosum Lag., Solanum xanthacanthum Willd.

104. Solenopsis invicta (insect)

Solenopsis invicta is an aggressive generalist forager ant that occurs in high densities and can thus dominate most potential food sources. They breed and spread rapidly and, if disturbed, can relocate quickly so as to ensure survival of the colony. Their stinging ability allows them to subdue prey and repel even larger vertebrate competitors from resources.

Common Names: fourmi de feu, red imported fire ant (RIFA), rote importierte Feuerameise

Synonyms: Solenopsis saevissima var. wagneri (Santschi), Solenopsis wagneri (Santschi)

105. Sonchus asper

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Sonchus asper is a noxious weed. It is present on some Sub-Antarctic islands including Gough Island, Auckland Islands and Campbell Island. Its ecological impacts are being studied.

Common Names: perennial sowthistle, prickly sow thistle, prickly sowthistle , prickly sow-thistle, spiny sowthistle, spiny-leaf sow-thistle

Synonyms: Sonchus asper (L.) Hill ssp. asper, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill ssp. glaucescens (Jord.) J. Ball, Sonchus asper Linn., Sonchus nymanii Tineo & Guss.

106. Sonchus oleraceus

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Common Names: annual sowthistle, common sowthistle, common sow-thistle, pualele, sow thistle, sow-thistle

107. Spathodea campanulata (tree)    

Spathodea campanulata is an evergreen tree from West Africa that is widely planted throughout the tropics and has naturalised in many parts of the Pacific. It favours moist habitats and will grow best in sheltered tropical areas. It is invasive in Hawaii, Fiji, Guam, Vanuatu, the Cook Islands and Samoa, and is a potential invader in several other tropical locations.

Common Names: African tulip tree, Afrikanischer Tulpenbaum, amapola, apär, baton du sorcier, fa‘apasi, fireball, flame of the forest, fountain tree, Indian Cedar, ko‘i‘i, mata ko‘i‘I, mimi, orsachel kui, patiti vai, pisse-pisse, pititi vai, rarningobchey, Santo Domingo Mahogany, taga mimi, tiulipe, tuhke dulip, tulipan africano, tulipier du Gabon

Synonyms: Spathodea danckelmaniana Buettner, Spathodea nilotica Seem., Spathodea tulipifera (Thonn.) G.Don

108. Spiraea japonica (shrub)

Spiraea japonica is a deciduous, perennial shrub native to Asia that has been introduced to the United States as an ornamental. It aggressively invades disturbed areas and forms dense stands that outcompete native species. Spiraea japonica is found growing along streams, rivers, forest edges, roadsides and fields. It often spreads locally when its hardy seeds are transported along watercourses and in fill dirt.

Common Names: Japanese meadowsweet, Japanese spiraea

Synonyms: Spiraea bumalda Burv., Spiraea japonica var. alpina Maxim.

109. Tamarix ramosissima (tree, shrub)

Tamarix ramosissima is a rampantly invasive shrub that has dominated riparian zones of arid climates. I massive invasion if T. ramosissmia in the western United States has dominated over a million acres. Typically foud in conjunction with other Tamarix species and resultant hybrids, T. ramosissima displaces native plants, drastically alters habitat and food webs for animals, depletes water sources, increases erosion, flood damage, soil salinity, and fire potential. (the current summary seems good, I started this one before assessing the current summary, you may not want to add any of these remarks)

Common Names: salt cedar, Sommertamariske, tamarisk, tamarix

Synonyms: Tamarix pallasii var. brachystachys Bunge, Tamarix pentandra

110. Tapinoma melanocephalum (insect)

Tapinoma melanocephalum is known as a tramp ant as its spread around the globe has been assisted by human activities. It is highly flexible in the habitats it occupies, providing there is some form of disturbance allowing it to establish ahead of more dominant ant species, and it nests readily outdoors or indoors. Tapinoma melanocephalum is a household pest, as well as disturbing greenhouse environments and can transport pathogenic microbes in hospitals.

Common Names: albaricoque , awate-konuka-ari , black-headed ant, ghost ant, hormiga bottegaria , house infesting ant , tiny yellow house ant, tramp ant

Synonyms: Formica familiaris Smith, F. 1860, Formica melanocephalum Fabricius, 1793, Formica nana Jerdon, Myrmica pellucida Smith, F. 1857, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius): Mayr, 1862, Tapinoma melanocephalum var. australe Santschi 1928, Tapinoma melanocephalum var. australis Santschi 1928

111. Trapa natans (aquatic plant)

  See eradication or other absence information

Trapa natans, commomly known as water chestnut, is an annual plant introduced from Asia and has become abundant in the northeastern United States where it creates a nuisance in lakes, ponds, canals and other slow-moving water. Trapa natans grows best in shallow, nutrient-rich lakes and rivers and is generally found in waters with a pH range of 6.7 to 8.2 and alkalinity of 12 to 128 mg/L of calcium carbonate. Trapa natans out-competes native plants for sunlight and spreads either by the rosettes detaching from their stems and floating to another area, or more often by the nuts being swept by currents or waves to other parts of the lake or river.

Common Names: bull nut, European water chestnut, water chestnut, water nut

112. Tussilago farfara (herb)

Tussilago farfara is a perennial herb which spreads mainly through underground rhizomes. During the summer, food is stored in the rhizomes for the following year's early spring growth. Tussilago farfara thrives on gravelly soil and along roadsides. There are management strategies available to combat Tussilago farfara, but if left unchecked it can take over an entire field. It is best to stop Tussilago farfara before it spreads as controlling it once it has become established is difficult. It is believed that Tussilago farfara has some medical benefits.

Common Names: assfoot, British tobacco, bull's-foot, clayweed, cleats, colt-herb, coltsfoot, coughwort, dove-dock, dummyweed, Foalfoot, ginger, gingerroot, gowan, hoofs, horsefoot, horsehoof, kuan dong, pas- d'âne, sowfoot, tussilage , tussilage pas-d'âne

113. Verbascum thapsus (herb)

Verbascum thapsus is an erect herb in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is found in neglected meadows and pasture lands, along fencerows and roadsides. It can produce 100,000-180,000 seeds per individual plant and seeds may remain viable for over 100 years. Verbascum thapsus threatens natural meadows and forest openings, where it adapts easily to a wide variety of site conditions and an established population can be extremely difficult to eradicate. Verbascum thapsus was once used as a herbal remedy for bronchitis, colds and congestion.

Common Names: Aaron's-rod , barbasco, big taper , bouillon blanc, common mullein , flannel mullein , flannel plant , flannelleaf , gordolobo comun, great mullein , guardalobo, hag taper , molène, mullein , torches , velvet dock , velvet plant , verbasco, woolly mullein

114. Verbena brasiliensis (herb)

Verbena brasiliensis is a herb native to South America that is planted as an ornamental in much of the world. It displaces native vegetation through most of its non-native range and is considered invasive. Management for Verbena brasiliensis includes avoiding its introduction into new areas and using herbicide where necessary.

Common Names: Brazilian vervain, gin case

Synonyms: Verbena approzimata Briq, Verbena bonariensis auct. non L., Verbena litoralis var. brasiliensis Vell., Verbena litoralis var. pycnostachya Schauer, Verbena quadrangularis Vell.

115. Vinca major (herb)

Vinca major is introduced to new locations usually as an ornamental or medicinal herb. It spreads locally from dumped garden waste, plant fragments carried downstream and as a garden escape along shady corridors. It grows most vigorously in moist shady areas in forests, along streams and urban areas. Once established the herb competes with native vegetation by smothering all native groundcover vegetation and preventing the regeneration of trees and shrubs. Vinca major is a serious threat to the understorey of forested areas and streamside vegetation.

Common Names: bigleaf periwinkle, blue periwinkle, greater periwinkle, large periwinkle, periwinkle

Synonyms: Vinca major L. var. variegata Loud.

116. Vulpes vulpes (mammal)

Native to Europe, Asia, North Africa and boreal regions of North America, Vulpes vulpes (the red fox) have been introduced into Australia and temperate regions of North America. They are now the most widely distributed carnivore in the world and have negative impacts on many native species, including smaller canids and ground nesting birds in North America, and many small and medium-sized rodent and marsupial species in Australia.

Common Names: fuchs, lape, lis, raposa, red fox, renard, rev, Rotfuchs, silver, black or cross fox, volpe, vos, zorro

Synonyms: Canis vulpes (Linnaeus 1758)

117. Wisteria floribunda (vine, climber)

In its alien range, Wisteria floribunda is still used as an ornamental and often escapes from landscapes and becomes invasive in natural ecosystems. Wisteria floribunda infests forest edges and disturbed areas, including riparian zones and tolerates shade and a variety of soil types. In riparian areas, Wisteria floribunda spreads downstream as seeds float to new locations.

Common Names: Japanese Wisteria

Synonyms: Kraunhia brachybotrys (Siebold & Zucc.) Greene 1892, Dolichos japonicus Spreng. 1826, Glycine floribunda Willd. 1802, Kraunhia floribunda (Willd.) Taub. 1894, Kraunhia floribunda (Willd.) Taub. forma albiflora Makino 1911, Kraunhia floribunda (Willd.) Taub. var. pleniflora Makino 1911, Kraunhia floribunda (Willd.) Taub. var. typica Makino 1911, Kraunhia floribunda (Willd.)Taub. var. brachybotrys (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino 1911, Kraunhia sinensis (Sims) Makino forma albiflora Makino 1910, Kraunhia sinensis (Sims) Makino var. brachybotrys (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino 1910, Kraunhia sinensis (Sims) Makino var. floribunda (Willd.) Makino 1910, Kraunhia sinensis (Sims) Makino var. pleniflora Makino 1910, Millettia floribunda (Willd.) Matsum. 1902, Phaseoloides brachybotrys (Siebold & Zucc.) Kuntze 1891, Phaseoloides floribunda (Willd.) Kuntze 1891, Rehsonia floribunda (Willd.) Stritch 1984, Wisteria brachybotrys Siebold & Zucc. 1839, Wisteria chinensis DC. var. flore-plena (Carrière) W.Mill. 1902, Wisteria chinensis DC. var. macrobotrys (Siebold ex Neubert) Lavallee 1877, Wisteria chinensis DC. var. multijuga (Van Houtte) Hook.f. 1897, Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. forma alba (Carrière) Rehder & E.H.Wilson 1916, Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. forma macrobotrys (Siebold ex Neubert) Rehder & E.H.Wilson 1916, Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. forma rosea (Bean) Rehder & E.H.Wilson 1916, Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. forma variegata (G.Nicholson) Rehder & E.H.Wilson 1916, Wisteria macrobotrys Siebold ex Neubert 1870, Wisteria multijuga Van Houtte var. rosea Bean 1914, Wisteria multijuga Van Houtte 1874, Wisteria multijuga Van Houtte var. alba Carrière 1891, Wisteria multijuga Van Houtte var. variegata G.Nicholson 1887, Wisteria polystachya K.Koch forma alba (Carrière) Zabel 1903, Wisteria polystachya K.Koch forma multijuga (Van Houtte) Zabel 1903, Wisteria polystachya K.Koch forma variegata (G.Nicholson) Zabel 1903, Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet forma violaceo-plena Rehder & E.H.Wilson 1916, Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet var. violaceo-plena C.K.Schneid. 1907

118. Wisteria sinensis (vine, climber)

Wisteria sinensis invades forest edges and disturbed areas, including riparian zones. It tolerates shade and a variety of soil types. In riparian areas, it spreads downstream as seeds float to new locations. Most infestations of natural habitats are escaped landscape plantings. Wisteria sinensis remains a popular ornamental in the nursery trade.

Common Names: Chinese wisteria

Synonyms: Glycine sinensis (Sims 1819), Kraunhia chinensis (Greene 1892), Kraunhia floribunda (Willd.) Taub. var. sinensis (Sims) Makino 1911, Kraunhia sinensis (Sims) Makino 1910, Millettia chinensis (Benth. 1852), Rehsonia sinensis (Sims) Stritch 1984, Wisteria chinensis DC. 1825, Wisteria chinensis DC. var. albiflora (Lem.)W.Miller 1902, Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet var. alba Lindl. 1849, Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet var. albiflora Lem. 1858

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Biostatus not specified

1. Alitta succinea (annelid)

The infaunal polychaete Allita succinea, also known as the pileworm, is native to the Atlantic coast and now occurs along the coasts off North, Central and South America, Europe, Africa and the Black Sea. Allita succinea can alter nutrients available in sediments, which affect other sediment dwellers.

Common Names: nereidid worm, pile worm, ragworm

Synonyms: Nectoneanthes alatopalpis Wu et al. 1985, Nectoneanthes oxypoda Imajima 1972, Nereis succinea, Leuckart 1847., Neanthes succinea Imajima 1972, Nereis (Neanthes) succinea Hartman 1945, Nereis alatopalpis Wesenberg-Lund, 1949

2. Avian Influenza Virus (micro-organism)

Asian Influenza is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza virus. Waterfowl are natural hosts of the disease and are usually asymptomatic. There are two forms of AI: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), which causes rapid mortality particularly in domestic poultry, and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI), which is a milder form. AI can be transmitted through the respiratory secretions or faeces of infected birds and also through contact with contaminated materials or items such as clothing, equipement and vehicles (Horimoto and Kawaoka, 2001).

Common Names: bird flu, fowl plague, HPAI, LPAI

3. Canna indica (herb)    

Canna indica is a native of tropical America and is a very popular ornamental plant throughout the tropical world. This plant has become an invasive in Pitcairn and in New Zealand, where it grows in thickets, crowding out other plants. It is spread by rhizomes making it difficult to remove.

Common Names: achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga , fagamanu, Fanamanu, gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-les-mois

Synonyms: Canna edulis Ker-Gawl., Canna achiras Gillies, Canna aurantiaca Roscoe, Canna aureovittata Lodd., Canna barbadica Bouché, Canna bidentata Bertol., Canna bifida Schult., Canna carnea Roscoe, Canna cearensis Huber, Canna chinensis Willd., Canna cinnabarina Bouché, Canna coccinea Link, Canna coccinea Mill., Canna coccinea Mill. var. bicolor Kraenzl, Canna coccinea Mill. var. sylvestris (Roscoe) Regel, Canna commutata Bouché, Canna compacta Bouché, Canna compacta Roscoe, Canna crocea Lag. ex Rchb., Canna crocea Roem. & Schult., Canna densifolia Bouché, Canna discolor Lindl., Canna edulis KerGawl., Canna ehrenbergii Bouché, Canna ellipticifolia Stokes, Canna esculenta Lodd. ex Loudon, Canna exigua Bouché, Canna flavescens Link, Canna floribunda Bouché, Canna formosa Bouché, Canna fulgida Bouche, Canna fulgida Bouché, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché  var. xalapensis (Bouché) Kraenzl, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché, Canna humilis Bouché, Canna indica L. var. speciosa (Roscoe) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. coccinea (Mill.) Aiton, Canna indica L. var. edwarsii Regel, Canna indica L. var. limbata (Roscoe) Petersen, Canna indica L. var. maculata Hook., Canna indica L. var. nepalensis (Bouché) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. patens Aiton, Canna indica L. var. rubra Aiton, Canna laeta Bouché, Canna lagunensis Lindl., Canna lambertii Lindl., Canna lanuginosa Roscoe, Canna leptochila Bouché, Canna limbata Roscoe, Canna lutea Mill., Canna lutea Mill. var. aurantiaca (Roscoe) Regel, Canna lutea Mill. var. genuina Kraenzl., Canna lutea Mill. var. pallida (Roscoe) Regel

4. Carpodacus mexicanus (bird)

Carpodacus mexicanus (house finch) is native to the western United States and Mexico. In 1940, wild birds illegally sold as "Hollywood Finches" in New York were released by dealers anxious to avoid prosecution, and populations now exist throughout eastern North America. In many areas, house finches are not considered a nuisance and are appreciated for their musical song and bright colours. However, they are highly adaptable to urban and suburban environments as they peck and feed on practically all deciduous fruits, berries, grains and seed. Consequently, large populations have become a nuisance, even in their native range, where they have caused economic losses in agricultural areas.

Common Names: house finch, pinzon mexicano

5. Molothrus ater (bird)

Molothrus ater is a small blackbird that can be found in almost every habitat, open woodlands, fields and marginal habitats in between. It is commonly associated with agriculture (cattle pastures, feed lots) and is migratory, spending time year-round in the southern United States, but occurring only during the breeding season in the northern and mountainous regions of the United States. Molothrus ater has undergone a rapid range expansion with habitat alterations, due to forest clearing, domestic cattle grazing, urbanisation and conversion of forested habitats to agricultural land.

Common Names: brown-headed cowbird, buffalo bird, cowbird

6. Myxobolus cerebralis (micro-organism)

Myxobolus cerebralis is a microscopic parasite that causes a chronic disease which often results in high mortalities among young, hatchery reared fish. It is called "whirling disease" as infected fish swim in radical, circular motions. Myxobolus cerebralis has a wide distribution that appears to be expanding. It is thought that the principle method of spread is through the stocking of live, infected fish. Myxobolus cerebralis has a two-host life cycle that involves fish and the bottom-dwelling tubifex worm, which releases Myxobolus cerebralis spores into the water.

Common Names: whirling disease

7. Phalaris arundinacea (grass)

Phalaris arundinacea is a cool-season perennial grass that grows successfully in northern latitudes and can be invasive in wet habitats. Since it is tolerant of freezing temperatures and begins to grow very early in the spring, it can outcompete many other species. Any moist, fertile habitat provides good conditions for Phalaris arundinacea. It is considered a serious threat in wet meadows, wetlands, marshes, fens, old fields, floodplains, wet prairies, roadsides and ditchbanks. The invasion is promoted by disturbances, such as ditching of wetlands, stream channels, deforestation of swamp forests, sedimentation, overgrazing and intentional planting. Phalaris arundinacea tolerates frequent and prolonged flooding as well as submergence. It is moderately tolerant of drought and saline or alkaline soils. Phalaris arundinacea spreads within sites by creeping rhizomes and forms dense and impenetrable mats of vegetation. New sites are colonised by seeds. Phalaris arundinacea tolerates a small amount of shade, such as forest edges but not closed forest interiors.

Common Names: alpiste roseau, caniço-malhado, gardener's-garters, hierba cinta, kusa-yoshi, pasto cinto, reed Canary grass, ribbon grass, Rohrglanzgras, variegated grass

Synonyms: Phalaris arundinacea f. variegata (Parn.) Druce, Phalaris arundinacea L. var. picta L., Phalaris japonica Steud., Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Raeusch., Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Raeusch. var. picta (L.) Tzvelev

8. Styela plicata (tunicate)

Styela plicata (sea squirt) is a pandemic, temperate to subtropical tunicate. As a pest species, Styela plicata outcompete native encrusters and excludes them from hard substrates. It is a known fouler of sea vessels and other hard substrates, travelling the oceans in this fashion. Few places classify Styela plicata as an invasive species, but some effective management options are available to control this tunicate.

Common Names: leathery tunicate, pleated sea squirt, sea squirt, solitary ascidian

Synonyms: Ascidea plicata, Ascidia plicata Lesueur, 1823, Styela barnhart Ritter & Forsyth, 1917, Styela gyrosa Heller, 1877, Styela pinguis Herdman, 1899, Tethyum plicatum Hartmeyer, 1909

9. Ulex europaeus (tree, shrub)    

Ulex europaeus is a spiny, perennial, evergreen shrub that grows in dense and impenetrable thickets which exclude grazing animals. It is common in disturbed areas, grasslands, shrublands, forest margins, coastal habitats and waste places. Ulex europaeus is a very successful and tenacious plant once it becomes established and is extremely competitive, displacing cultivated and native plants, and altering soil conditions by fixing nitrogen and acidifying the soil. It creates an extreme fire hazard due to abundant dead material and its oily, highly flammable foliage and seeds. Soil is often bare between individual plants, which increases erosion on steep slopes where Ulex europaeus has replaced grasses or forbs. Spiny and mostly unpalatable when mature, Ulex europaeus reduces pasture quality where it invades rangeland. Ulex europaeus understorey in cultivated forests interferes with operations; increasing pruning and thinning costs and can interfere with the growth of conifer seedlings.

Common Names: ajonc, ajonc d'Europe, bois jonc, chacay, furze, Gaspeldoorn, genêt, Ginestra spinosa, gorse, jonc marin, kolcolist zachodni, picapica, Stechginster, Tojo, vigneau, vIrish furze, whin, zépinard des hauts

10. Verbena rigida (herb)

Common Names: creeping verbena, purple verbena, rigid verbena, sandpaper verbena, stiff verbena, tuberous vervain, veined verbena

Synonyms: Verbena bonariensis L. forma robustior Chodot, Verbena bonariensis L. forma venosa (Gillies & Hook.) Chodat, Verbena bonariensis L. forma venosa (Gillies & Hook.) Voss, Verbena bonariensis L. var. rigida (Spreng.) Kuntze, Verbena doniana Steud., Verbena rigida forma obovata Hayek, Verbena rigida Spreng. forma paraguayensis Moldenke, Verbena rigida Spreng. var. alba Moldenke , Verbena rigida Spreng. var. glandulosa Moldenke, Verbena rigida Spreng. var. lilacina (Harrow) Moldenke, Verbena rigida Spreng. var. reineckii (Briq.) Moldenke, Verbena rigida var. obovata, Verbena rugosa D.Don, Verbena scaberrima Cham., Verbena venosa Gillies & Hook

11. West Nile Virus (micro-organism)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus native to Africa, Europe, and Western Asia. WNV is mostly transmitted by Culex mosquitoes in a cycle involving birds as amplifying hosts. However infected mosquitoes can also transmit the virus to other animals and humans. Most animals are “dead-end” hosts and do not contribute to virus spread or evolution in nature, because infection in non-avian species results in low virus levels that is insufficient for infection of mosquitoes.
Since its introduction into the United States in the New York City area in 1999 WNV has continued to expand its range across the United States and into Canada, Mexico and Central and South America. WNV causes severe disease humans, horses and other vertebrates. Most people infected with West Nile virus have only mild illness. However the virus can also cause severe neuroinvasive diseases, often leading to death. No specific medication exists to treat West Nile virus infection, and there is currently no vaccine available for humans. Control measures focus on reducing mosquito breeding habitat: standing water in urban areas, agricultural areas, and wetlands.

Common Names: West Nile virus

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Native Species

1. Alosa pseudoharengus (fish)

Alosa pseudoharengus (alewife) is a small, fish species indigenous to the east coast of North America that causes several major effects in aquatic environments. Alewife migrate from the ocean to spawn in fresh water. It can occupy all strata of a land-locked body of water throughout the course of the year. A. pseudoharengus alters the zooplankton community as it is an extremely efficient feeder on zooplankton, competing with other fish species for food. Alewife feed on the eggs and larvae of other fish and thereby can cause other fish species to decline. It is often stocked as a forage fish.

Common Names: alewife, bigeye herring , branch herring, freshwater herring, gaspareau, gray herring, grayback, kyack, mooneye, sawbelly, white herring

Synonyms: Pomolobus pseudoharengus

2. Anopheles quadrimaculatus (insect)

A. quadrimaculatus a mosquito is the chief vector of malaria in North America. This species prefers habitats with well-developed beds of submergent, floating leaf or emergent aquatic vegetation. Larvae are typically found in sites with abundant rooted aquatic vegetation, such as rice fields and adjacent irrigation ditches, freshwater marshes and the vegetated margins of lakes, ponds and reservoirs.

Common Names: common malaria mosquito, Gabelmücke

Synonyms: Anopheles annulimanus Wulp, 1867

3. Branta canadensis (bird)

Branta canadensis, Canada geese are very adaptable. They can live in a broad range of habitats, which includes cohabitation with humans. In addition, Canada geese are highly fecund and lacking in amount of predators. Population growth of this species over the past years has caused problems in many different areas including environmental, aesthetic, and human health. Canada geese can either be migratory or resident, which enables them to occupy a large geographical range. This species has created issues not only in areas where it has been introduced, but also in its native locations due to the population explosion of the species. Although this species has created problems, it also has been of economic use as well as being, at times, an enjoyable aspect of wildlife.

Common Names: Bernache Du Canada, Branta kanadarra, Canada goose, Ganso Canadiense, Ganso do Canadá, Oca del Canadá

Synonyms: Anas canadensis Linnaeus, 1758, Branta canadensis interior Todd, 1938, Branta canadensis maxima Delacour, 1951, Branta canadensis moffitti Aldrich, 1946 , Branta canadensis parvipes Cassin, 1852

4. Cabomba caroliniana (aquatic plant)

Cabomba caroliniana is a submerged perennial aquarium plant that grows in stagnant to slow flowing freshwater. It spreads primarily by stem fragments and forms dense stands that crowd out well-established plants. C. caroliniana may clog ecologically, recreationally or economically important water bodies and drainage canals. Depending on its location (ie: drinking water supply or small closed water body) it may be managed by a number of control techniques including mechanical removal (being careful not to spread fragments to new locations) and habitat modification to increase shading (via planting trees) or decrease hydration (via draining).

Common Names: cabomba, Carolina fanwort, Carolina water-shield, fanwort, fish-grass, Washington-grass, Washington-plant

5. Crepidula fornicata (mollusc)

Crepidula fornicata is a protandrous hermaphrodite mollusc, which means that the animals start their lives as males and then subsequently may change sex and develop into females. This species can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. Populations are particularly well developed in wave-protected areas such as bays, estuaries or sheltered sides of wave-exposed islands. C. fornicata competes with other filter-feeding invertebrates for food and space, and often occur in enormous numbers. Few management options are available to combat this species. Dredging operations to clear slipper limpets from oyster beds have been attempted in some areas, but it was concluded that further spread of the species could not be prevented.

Common Names: American limpet, common Atlantic slippersnail, crépidule, oyster-pest, Pantoffelsnecke, slipper limpet, Toffelsneg

Synonyms: Crepidula densata Conrad, Crepidula maculata Rigacci, Crepidula mexicana Rigacci, Crepidula nautiloides auct. non Lesson, Crepidula roseae Petuch, Crepidula violacea Rigacci, Crepidula virginica Conrad, Crypta nautarum Mörch, Patella fornicata Linné

6. Discula destructiva (fungus)

Discula destructiva is a fungus that has caused serious losses to North American native flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and other native and introduced species (C. nuttallii and C. kousa, respectively) of dogwood found in the natural environment and in ornamental plantings. Infection is more likely to occur at higher elevations and on moist to wet sites, and shade increases the risk of infection and mortality. Spores are washed onto new leaf tissue during periods of wet weather or sprinkler irrigation. Spores of Discula destructiva land on shoots and leaves penetrating them directly and causing the quick death of the plant tissue due to the production of several toxins by the fungus. Larger trees often die 2 to 3 years after the first symptoms are found in the leaves. Management of Discula destructiva is not readily available, but there are strategies available to enhance high value and ornamental populations of dogwoods through extensive care of individual trees.

Common Names: dogwood anthracnose

7. Gemma gemma (mollusc)

Gemma gemma, commonly known as the gem clam or amethyst gem clam, is a small benthic organism found in marine, brackish and freshwater environments along the Atlantic coast. The gem clam has been introduced to the California and Washington coasts of the United States. It is not competively aggressive against native populations and has minimal impact, but is oppurtunistic. An extraneous factor, such as increased predation on native fauna, will allow it to competively increase its population.

Common Names: Amethyst gem clam, Gem clam

Synonyms: Cyrena purpurea (Lea, 1842), Gemma fretensis (Rehder, 1939), Gemma totteni (Simpson, 1860), Parastarte concentica (Dall, 1889), Totteniana gemma (Totten, 1834), Venus gemma (Totten, 1834), Venus manhattensis (Jay, 1852)

8. Hypnea musciformis (alga)

Hypnea musciformis (basionym Fucus musciformis) is classified as a red algae and is distributed throughout most of the world. It was recently introduced to Hawaii and has quickly become invasive and a nuisance.

Common Names: hypnea

Synonyms: Fucus musciformis Wulfen 1791, Hypnea rissoana J. Agardh, nom. illeg. 1842, Sphaerococcus divaricatus C. Agardh, nom. illeg. 1827, Sphaerococcus musciformis (Wulfen) C. Agardh 1822

9. Lithobates catesbeianus (=Rana catesbeiana) (amphibian)

The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus (=Rana catesbeiana)) is native to North America. It has been introduced all over the world to over 40 countries and four continents. Many introductions have been intentional with the purpose of establishing new food sources for human consumption. Other populations have been established from unintentional escapes from bullfrog farms. Consequences of the introduction of non-native amphibians to native herpetofauna can be severe. The American bullfrog has been held responsible for outbreaks of the chytrid fungus found to be responsible for declining amphibian populations in Central America and elsewhere. They are also important predators and competitors of endangered native amphibians and fish. The control of this invasive in Europe partly relies upon increasing awareness, monitoring and education about the dangers of releasing pets into the wild. Strict laws are also in place to prevent further introductions. Eradication is achieved largely by physical means including shooting, spears/gigs, bow and arrow, nets and traps.

Common Names: bullfrog, grenouille taureau, North American bullfrog, Ochsenfrosch, rana toro, Stierkikker

Synonyms: Rana catesbiana Shaw, 1802

10. Morone americana (fish)

Morone americana is a semi-anadromous fish native the Atlantic Coast, that has made its way into the Great Lakes through the Erie and Welland canals. Dense Morone americana populations compete for food and feed on the eggs of native species. Hybridisation with other perch species is another threat that may cause dilution to local species gene pools.

Common Names: Amerikanbassi , Amerikansk bars , bar blanc d'Amerique, baret can, bars, cernier atlantique, havabbor, hvit havabbor, morona, narrow-mouthed bass, perche blanche, robalo do norte, robalo-do-norte, rokiel srebrzysty, sea perch , seebarsch, silver perch, spigola americana, vitabborre, White perch , wreckfish

Synonyms: Morone americanus (Gmelin, 1789) , Morone pallida Mitchill, 1814 , Morone rufa Mitchill, 1814, Perca americana Gmelin, 1789 , Perca immaculata Walbaum, 1792 , Roccus americanus (Gmelin, 1789)

11. Nymphaea odorata (aquatic plant)

Nymphaea odorata is an aquatic plant with floating leaves that can thrive in a variety of aquatic habitats and tolerates variable environmental conditions. It forms dense floating mats of vegetation that prevent light from penetrating through the surface. Distributions of phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic insects and fish populations are altered. Nymphaea odorata can also restrict waterfront access and eliminate swimming opportunities.

Common Names: American waterlily, American white waterlily, fragrant waterlily, white waterlily

Synonyms: Castalia lekophylla Small, Castalia minor (Sims) Nyar, Castalia minor (Sims) DC. ex Small , Castalia odorata (Ait.) Wood, Castalia odorata (Aiton) Woodv. & Wood forma rosea (Pursh) Britton , Castalia odorata (Aiton) Woodv. & Wood var. gigantea (Tricker) Fernald , Castalia odorata (Aiton) Woodv. & Wood var. minor (Sims) G.Lawson , Castalia pudica Salisb. , Castalia reniformis (Walter) Trel. ex Branner & Coville , Castalia reniformis DC., Cyamus reniformis (Walter) Pursh , Leuconymphaea odorata (Aiton) MacMill. , Leuconymphaea parkeriana (Lehm.) Kuntze , Leuconymphaea reniformis (Walter) Kuntze , Nelumbo reniformis (Walter) Willd. , Nuphar lekophylla (Small) Cory , Nymphaea alba L. var. canadensis Graham , Nymphaea lekophylla (Small) Cory , Nymphaea maculata Raf. , Nymphaea minor (Sims) DC., Nymphaea odorata Aiton forma rubra (Guillon) Conard , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. chlorhiza Raf. , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. glabra Casp. , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. parviflora Raf. , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. rubella Raf. , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. rubra Guillon , Nymphaea odorata var. gigantea Tricker, Nymphaea odorata var. godfreyi Ward, Nymphaea odorata var. minor Sims, Nymphaea odorata var. rosea Pursh, Nymphaea odorata var. stenopetala Fern., Nymphaea odorata var. villosa Caspary, Nymphaea parkeriana Lehm. , Nymphaea reniformis Walter , Nymphaea rosea Raf. , Nymphaea spiralis Raf.

12. Oracella acuta (insect)

Mealybugs like Oracella acuta are generally small, cryptic creatures that cause major problems in agricultural and ornamental ecosystems. They are notorious invaders of new territories, with populations developing rapidly when there is more than one generation per year.

Common Names: loblolly pine mealybug, pine mealybug

Synonyms: Pseudococcus acuta Lobdell, 1930, Pseudococcus acutus Lobdell, 1930

13. Phragmites australis (grass)

Phragmites australis grows on level ground in tidal and non-tidal marshes, lakes, swales and backwater areas of rivers and streams. It is found on sites that are seasonally flooded with not more than 50cm of water. It grows on most soil textures from fine clay to sandy loams and is somewhat tolerant of saline or alkaline conditions. Phragmites australis is especially common along railroad tracks, roadside ditches and piles of dredge spoil, wherever slight depressions will hold water. Throughout most of its range, it typically forms closed mono-dominant stands in both disturbed and pristine areas. It is capable of vigorous vegetative reproduction and its seeds, which are normally dispersed by wind, may be transported by birds that nest among the reeds. The seeds are also dispersed by water. Newly opened sites may be colonised by seed or by rhizome fragments carried to the area in soils and on machinery or naturally in floodwaters. Invasion and continued spread is aided by disturbances or stresses such as pollution, alteration of the natural hydrologic regime, dredging and increased sedimentation. In coastal marshes, spread of Phragmites australis is also facilitated by natural disturbance caused by tidal movements of dead vegetation.

Common Names: cane, caniço, carrizo común, common reed, ditch reed, giant reed, giant reedgrass, phragmites, reed grass, roseau, roseau cane, roseau commun, Schilf, schilfrohr, yellow cane

Synonyms: Arundo aggerum Kittel, Arundo altissima Benth., Arundo australis Cav., Arundo barbata Burchell, Arundo graeca Link, Arundo isiaca Delile, Arundo karka Retz., Arundo maxima Forssk., Arundo palustris Salisb., Arundo phragmites L., Arundo phragmites L. var. humilis (DeNot.) Asch. & Graebn., Arundo phragmites L. var. isiaca Griseb., Arundo vallatoria Gray, Arundo vulgaris Lam., Calamagrostis nigricans Merat, Cynodon phragmites (L.) Raspail, Czernya arundinacea C.Presl, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. altissimus (Benth.) Clayton, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) C.F.Reed, Phragmites berlandieri E.Fourn., Phragmites communis Trin., Phragmites communis Trin. forma flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma isiacus (Griseb.) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma nigricans (Merat) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) A.Löve & D.Löve, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. isiacus (Griseb.) Oppenh. & Evenari, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Clayton, Phragmites communis Trin. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Fernald, Phragmites communis Trin. var. flavescens Custor ex Gaudin, Phragmites communis Trin. var. humilis (DeNot.) Parl., Phragmites communis Trin. var. isiacus (Griseb.) Coss., Phragmites communis Trin. var. vulgaris Boenn., Phragmites flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Hegetschw. & Heer, Phragmites humilis DeNot., Phragmites isiacus Kunth, Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Moldenke, Phragmites nakaiana Honda, Phragmites phragmites (L.) H.Karst., Phragmites vulgaris Crep., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. humilis (DeNot.) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. isiacus (Griseb.) T.Durand & Schinz, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. typicus Beck, Phragmites vulnerans Asch., Reimaria diffusa Spreng., Trichoon karka (Retz.) Roth, Trichoon phragmites (L.) Rendle, Xenochloa arundinacea Lichtenstein ex Roem. & Schult.

14. Pylodictis olivaris (fish)

Pylodictis olivaris is one of the largest members of the catfish family and its introduction is the most biologically harmful of all fish introductions in North America as it predates heavily on native fish. Native to the warm water streams and rivers of the Mississippi River basin, it has been introduced east of the Appalachian Mountains and into several western states. P. olivaris prefers the slow moving water of large rivers and lakes and can be spread by unintentional stock contamination of channel catfish shipments, but in most cases, it has been intentionally stocked.

Common Names: mud cat, opelousas, shovelhead cat, yellow cat

Synonyms: Hopladelus olivaris, Leptops olivaris, Opladelus olivaris, Pelodichthys olivaris, Silurus olivaris

15. Robinia pseudoacacia (tree)    

Robinia pseudoacacia is a leguminous deciduous tree native to the southeastern United States that has been widely introduced to other parts of North America. It is commonly found in disturbed areas such as old fields, degraded woods, forest edges, and roadsides, but it poses the greatest threat to dry and sand prairies and oak savannas. R. pseudoacacia has been planted on reclaimed land to control erosion and has been used for ornamental purposes. It reproduces vigorously by root suckering and stump sprouting to form groves of trees interconnected by a common root system.

Common Names: acacia blanc, black locust, false acacia, Post locust, robinia akacjowa, robinier, robinier faux acacia, robinier faux-acacia, yellow locust

Synonyms: Robinia pseudoacacia var. rectissima (L.) Raber

16. Sagittaria platyphylla (aquatic plant)

Sagittaria platyphylla is a rhizomatic aquatic plant which can thrive in many aquatic habitats. It forms extensive infestations in shallow waterways, where it can seriously restrict water flow, increase sedimentation and aggravate flooding. Infestations of Sagittaria platyphylla can also displace native plants in wetland areas.

Common Names: elliptic-leaved arrowhead, sagittaria

Synonyms: Sagittaria graminea var. platyphylla Engelm, Sagittaria mohrii J.G. Sm.

17. Salvelinus fontinalis (fish)

Introduced as a highly desirable fish for both angling and aquaculture throughout the world, Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) is an invasive that threatens native amphibians and fish, as well as the ecology of lakes and streams. Several native fish and amphibians face threatened or endangered status as a result of their introduction. Removal of Salvelinus fontinalis has been conducted in many places to allow for the recovery of endemic species.

Common Names: Âait, aanaatlik, aanak, American brook charr, Amerikanischer bachsaibling, Amerikanischer saibling, Amerikanski goletz, Amerikanskiy golets, ana, Âna, anakleq, anokik, anuk, aurora trout, azad mahi cheshmahi, Bachsaibling, bäckröding, baiser, Beekforel, bekkeror, bekkerøye, breeder, bronforel, brook char, brook charr, brook trout, brookie, char, coaster, common brook trout, eastern brook trout, eastern speckled trout, Elsässer saibling, fântânel, giigaq, humpbacked trout, i ha luk, iqaluk, iqaluk tasirsiutik, kawamasu, kaynak alabaligi, kildeorred, kildeørred, lindableikja, lord-fish, masamek, masamekos, masamekw, masumèk, mountain trout, mud trout, native trout, omble de fontaine, pastrav fântânel, pataki szajbling, pstrag zrodlany, puronieriä, salmerino di fontaine, salmerino di fontana, salmerino di fonte, salter, salvelino, salvelinos, saumon de fontaine, sea trout, siven, siven americký, sivon americký, sivon potocny, slob, speckled char, speckled trout, specks, squaretail, square-tail, squaretailed trout, Tiegerfisch, trout, trucha de arroyo, truite, truite de mer, truite mouchetée, truta-das-fontes, whitefin

Synonyms: Baione fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814), Salmo canadensis Griffith & Smith, 1834, Salmo fontinalis Mitchill, 1814, Salmo hudsonicus Suckley, 1861, Salvelinus timagamiensis Henn & Rinckenbach 1925

18. Spartina alterniflora (grass)

Spartina alterniflora commonly known as smooth cord grass is a species that inhabits marsh habitat in its native range, where introduced It is known to establish itself in wave-protected mud and sand flats and grow very quickly into dense impenetrable stands. When introduced this species can have a negative effect on native species including some endangered. It can also hybridize with native non-invasive species of Spartina and offspring are known to have increased vigor and growth rates than either parent.

Common Names: Atlantic cordgrass , saltmarsh cordgrass , salt-water cordgrass, smooth cordgrass

Synonyms: Spartina alterniflora var. glabra (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Fern., Spartina alterniflora var. pilosa (Merr.) Fern.