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124 invasive species found

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Alien Species

1. Ageratum conyzoides (herb)

Ageratum conyzoides is a weed distributed in many tropical and subtropical countries and is often difficult to control. It is an established weed in the Himalayas where several invasion research studies have been conducted in the Shiwalik Ranges. It has been found that Ageratum significantly reduces total biomass and species number, that is, biodiversity. It also changes vegetation community structure and modifies the soil regieme.

Common Names: a‘amia, agerato, agerato, ageratum, ageratum, asipukpuk, asipukpuk, azier françois, bahu-bahu, bahug-bahug, bandotan, barba de chivo, baume, baume blanc, baume mauve, belohanua, berokan, billy goat weed, blue Ageratum, blue flowered groundsel , blue top, boko-boko-wiwiri, botebotekoro, botekoro, bouton, bouton blan, bouton ble, budbuda, budbuda, bulak-manok, bulak-manok, camará apeba, camará iapó, camará japê, camará-opela, catinga de barrão, catinga de bode, catinga de bode, celestina, chuva, co cut-heo, efoe momoe, erva de santa maria, erva de santa-lúcia, erva de são joão, erva de são josé, goat weed, gobu, gundhaubon, herbe a femme, herbe a pisser, herbe a sorcier, herbe de bouc, hierba del perro, hierba del zorro, hierbe de chivo, huarmi, huarmi, hwo-hsiang-ji, imiesu, jambo-serila, kakalding, kakalding, kakkoazami, kamabuag, kamabuag, kolokong-kabanyo, kolokong-kabayo, kulong-kogong-babae, kulong-kogong-babae, lau taioti, Leberbalsam, macela de são joão, macela francesa, mahakaua, maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kula, maire vaihi, maria preta, mata mothemothe, matruço, mbotembotekoro, mentrasto, Mother Brinkly, mumutung, Neela Phulnu, ngmak, olloowaisiip, Oochunt, pain doux, petit pain doux, Phulkuri, pica roxo, picão roxo, ruput tahi-ayam, sekose sea, sogovanua, songovanua, tae‘oti, tamasondji bata, te‘ehosi, tekote tea, tropic ageratum, tropical whiteweed, white weed, winter weed, ya-sap-raeng, ya-tabsua, zerisson blanc

Synonyms: Ageratum album Willd. Ex Steud. 1821, Ageratum caeruleum Hort. ex. Poir., Ageratum coeruleum Desf., Ageratum conyzoides var hirtum (Lam.) DC. 1836, Ageratum cordifolium Roxb. 1832, Ageratum hirsutum Lam. 1810, Ageratum hirtum Lam. 1783, Ageratum humile Salisb. 1796, Ageratum latifolium Car., Ageratum maritimum H.B.K., Ageratum mexicanum Sims., Ageratum nanum Hort. Ex Sch. Bip. 1858, Ageratum obtusifolium Lam., Ageratum odoratum Vilm. 1866, Ageratum suffruiticosum Regal 1854, Cacalia mentrasto Vell.

2. Agrostis capillaris (grass)

Agrostis capillaris is a perennial grass that inhabits various environments ranging from urban to coastal wetland, including grassland as well as near arctic regions of the world. In areas of invasion Agrostis capillaris reduces native biodiversity through disease transmission and competition. The many valuable uses of Agrostis capillaris have resulted in its widespread introduction into many non-native ranges around the world.

Common Names: agrostide commune, agróstide común, agrostide fine, agrostide ténue, agróstide tenue, browntop, capellini delle praterie, chépica alemana, colonial bent, colonial bent grass, common bent grass, gemeines Straußgras, Gewoon struisgras, heno ahumado, hierba fina, kus otu, New Zealand bent grass, Prince Edward Island bent grass, Rhode Island bent, Rhode Island bent grass, rödven, Rotes Straußgras, Rotstraußgras, waipu

Synonyms: Agrostis alba var. vulgaris, Agrostis sylvatica Huds., Agrostis tenius, Agrostis tenius Sibthorp, Agrostis tenuis var. aristata, Agrostis tenuis var. hispida, Agrostis tenuis var. pumila, Agrostis vulgaris

3. Ailanthus altissima (tree, shrub)

Ailanthus altissima is a very aggressive plant, a prolific seed producer (up to 350,000 seeds in a year), grows rapidly, and can overrun native vegetation. It also produces toxins that prevent the establishment of other plant species. The root system is aggressive enough to cause damage to sewers and foundations.

Common Names: Chinese sumac, stinking shumac, tree of heaven

4. Albizia julibrissin (tree)

Albizia julibrissin is commonly used as an ornamental tree because of its appealing fragrance, showy flowers and low maintenance requirement. It has escaped from the urban landscape and competes with native plants in disturbed habitats and occasionally in forested areas. Typical disturbed habitat may include roadsides, vacant lots and riparian areas. Albizia julibrissin prefers full sunlight but is salt and drought tolerant and can thrive in a wide range of soil types.

Common Names: mimosa, powderpuff tree, silk tree, silky acacia

5. Anthonomus grandis (insect)

  See eradication or other absence information

Anthonomus grandis is a brown to greyish-brown beetle native of Mexico to Central America and invasive in the United States. A. grandis feeds and develops only in cotton and closely related tropical (malvaceous) plants. In temperate zones A. grandis spends the winter in an adult reproductive dormancy where it subsists without food until it returns to cotton in the early spring. In subtropical and tropical areas adults are periodically active during warm periods of the non-cotton production seasons, and will feed and reproduce whenever suitable hosts are available. A. grandis has caused serious losses to the cotton industry in the United States. Recent eradication programs and management strategies have reduced A. grandis populations dramatically and have prompted a rebound in the cotton market within the United States.

Common Names: boll weevil

Synonyms: Anthonomus thurberiae (Pierce, 1913)

6. Arundo donax (grass)    

Giant reed (Arundo donax) invades riparian areas, altering the hydrology, nutrient cycling and fire regime and displacing native species. Long ‘lag times’ between introduction and development of negative impacts are documented in some invasive species; the development of giant reed as a serious problem in California may have taken more than 400 years. The opportunity to control this weed before it becomes a problem should be taken as once established it becomes difficult to control.

Common Names: arundo grass, bamboo reed, caña, caña común , caña de Castilla, caña de la reina, caña de techar, cana- do-reino, cana-do-brejo, cane, canne de Provence, canno-do-reino, capim-plumoso, carrizo, carrizo grande, cow cane, donax cane, fiso palagi, giant cane, giant reed , grand roseau, kaho, kaho folalahi, la canne de Provence, narkhat, ngasau ni vavalangi, Pfahlrohr, reedgrass, river cane, Spaanse-riet, Spanisches Rohr, Spanish cane, Spanish reed, wild cane

Synonyms: Aira bengalensis (Retz.) J.F. Gmel., Amphidonax bengalensis (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Amphidonax bengalensis Roxb. ex Nees., Amphidonax bifaria (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Arundo aegyptiaca hort. ex Vilm., Arundo bambusifolia Hook. f., Arundo bengalensis Retz., Arundo bifaria Retz., Arundo coleotricha (Hack.) Honda., Arundo donax var. angustifolia Döll., Arundo donax var. coleotricha Hack., Arundo donax var. lanceolata Döll., Arundo donax var. procerior Kunth., Arundo donax var. versicolor (P. Mill.) Stokes, Arundo glauca Bubani., Arundo latifolia Salisb., Arundo longifolia Salisb. ex Hook. f., Arundo sativa Lam., Arundo scriptoria L., Arundo versicolor P. Mill., Cynodon donax (L.) Raspail., Donax arundinaceus P. Beauv., Donax bengalensis (Retz.) P. Beauv., Donax bifarius (Retz.) Trin. ex Spreng., Donax donax (L.) Asch. and Graebn.

7. Aulacaspis yasumatsui (insect)

Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale (CAS)) or the Asian cycad scale, is highly damaging to cycads, which include horticulturally important and endangered plant species. The cycad scale is an unusually difficult scale insect to control, forming dense populations and spreading rapidly, with few natural enemies in most localities where it has been introduced. The scale has the potential to spread to new areas via plant movement in the horticulture trade.

Common Names: Asian cycad scale, cycad aulacaspis scale (CAS), cycad scale, sago palm scale, snow scale, Thai scale

8. Bidens pilosa (herb)

Bidens pilosa is a cosmopolitan, annual herb which originates from tropical and Central America. Its hardiness, explosive reproductive potential, and ability to thrive in almost any environment have enabled it to establish thoughout the world. Generally introduced unintentionally through agriculture or sometimes intentionally for ornamental purposes, B. pilosa is a major crop weed, threat to native fauna, and a physcial nuisance.

Common Names: abissawa, acetillo, adzrskpi, agberi-oku , akesan, alonga, alongoï , amonoablanfè, amor seco, anansee mpaane, anasipagné, arponcito, aseduro, asta de cabra, batimadramadramatakaro, beggar's tick , bident hérissé, bident poilu, bidente pilosa, black fellows, black jack, broom stick, broom stuff, cacha de cabra, cadillo, carrapicho-deagulha, cobbler's peg, dada, dadayem, devil's needles, diaani, diandu, dinenkui, dwirantwi, dzani pipi, eyinata, fisi'uli, gonoretti, gyinantwi, hairy beggar ticks, herbe d'aiguille, herbe villebague, hierba amarilla , iréné, iuna, kamik tuarongo, kandane, kete kete, ki, ki nehe, ki pipili, kichoma mguu, kichoma nguo, kiradale, klakuo, kofetoga, kofetonga, kokosa, ko-sendagusa, kukwe kwo, kurofidie, lebason, légué, manamendigo, masquia, matua kamate, mazote, mbatikalawau , mbatimandramandra, nana, nangua, nanguadian, nehe, nguad, niani, nidul-lif, niroa, papunga chipaca, passoklo, pega-prga, perca, pétéoré, picão-preto, pilipili, piquants noirs, piripiri, piripiri, piripiri kerekere, piripiri niroa, pisau-pisau, puriket, rosilla, sanyi, sanyina, sirvulaca, sornet, sosolé, Spanish needle, tabason, tagiaani , tebasson, tombo-maga, zagaï zagagbé, zagoi ini, zebeyuzébogue, zegbei zegbagwè, zikilli wissi, Zweizhan

Synonyms: Bidens leucantha (L.) Willd., Bidens leucantha Willd. var. sundaica (Blume) Hassk., Bidens odorata, Bidens sundaica (Blume), Coreopsis leucantha L.

9. Bromus tectorum (grass)

The invasive grass Bromus tectorum is troublesome to farmers and many ecosystems. It usually thrives in disturbed areas preventing natives from returning to the area. Disturbance such as overgrazing, cultivation, and frequent fires encourage invasion. Once established the natives cannot compete and the whole ecosystem is altered.

Common Names: broncograss, cheatgrass, cheatgrass brome, downy brome, downy chess, drooping brome, early chess, military grass, Mormon oats, slender chess, thatch bromegrass

Synonyms: Anisantha tectorum (L.), Bromus tectorum L. var. glabratus, Bromus tectorum L. var. hirsutus, Bromus tectorum L. var. nudus

10. Bubulcus ibis (bird)

Bubulcus ibis are small stocky herons that associate with grazing species of mammals both domestic and wild. They have strong migratory instincts and disperse thousands of miles in the direction of their choosing. They are, for the most part, self-introduced. They have been observed 'feeding on' native species of birds. They are known to host ticks that could introduce and spread certain tick-borne diseases.

Common Names: Afrikaanse koereiger, buff-backed heron, cattle egret , depulgabuey, elephant bird, garcilla bueyera, garcilla garrapatera, garcita de ganado, garrapatera, garrapatosa, garza de ganado, garza de vaquèra, garza ganadera , héron garde-boeufs , hippopotomus egret, Indian cattle egret, rhinoceros egret

Synonyms: Ardea ibis, Ardeola ibis, Bulbucus ibis

11. Carduus nutans (herb)

Carduus nutans readily invades disturbed areas and outcompetes native plants. The best form of prevention is maintaining a healthy native ecosystem in recently disturbed sites. It is also invades grazed pastures in USA, New Zealand and Australia, where it reduces the amount of pasture available for livestock. Keeping pastures competitive is the best way to prevent establishment of seedlings.

Common Names: chardon penché, musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, nodding thistle, plumeless thistle

Synonyms: Carduus nutans L. var. leiophyllus, Carduus nutans L. var. macrocephalus, Carduus nutans L. var. vestitus, Carduus nutans ssp. leiophyllus, Carduus nutans ssp. macrocephalus, Carduus nutans ssp. macrolepis, Carduus thoermeri

12. Centaurea biebersteinii (herb)

Centaurea biebersteinii is a biennial or short-lived perennial composite and a very aggressive invader. It has been reported to grow on a wide variety of habitats, especially industrial land, including gravel pits, stockpiles, power lines, grain elevators, railroad, equipment yards, pasture, range, and timbered range. It is often associated with irrigation, preferring areas of high available moisture. It appears best adapted to well-drained, light- to coarse-textured soils that receive summer rainfall. Seeds may germinate over a wide range of soil depths, soil moisture content and temperatures. Dispersal is generally passive as seeds are shaken from drying capitula. Movement over greater distances requires transport by rodents, livestock, vehicles, or hay or commercial seed.

Common Names: gefleckte Flockenblume, gewöhnliche Rispen-Flockenblume, spotted knapweed

Synonyms: Acosta maculosa auct. non Holub, Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam.

13. Centaurea melitensis (herb)

Centaurea melitensis is a herb of the family Asteraceae. C. melitensis is native to Africa and Europe and was introduced to the United States. It is a highly competitive species that forms dense, impenetrable stands that displaces native and desirable vegetation. C. melitensis usually invades open, disturbed sites and is often spread by humans and livestock via transportation of contaminated crop seed or hay.

Common Names: coix de Malte, Maltese star thistle, Malteser Flockenblume, napa thistle, tocalote

14. Cinnamomum camphora (tree)    

Cinnamomum camphora is native to Japan, China, Taiwan and northern Vietnam. C. camphora has become widely naturalised in Australia. In the United States, it grows along the Gulf Coast and in California. C. camphora seeds are easily spread by birds from cultivated yards to open forests, and it is also spread to new locations through plant nursery sales. C. camphora fruits, leaves, and roots are toxic to humans in large doses.

Common Names: alcanfor, alcanforero, arvore da camphora, campher, camphor laurel, camphor tree, camphre, camphrier, canfora, Japanese camphor, kampferbaum, kuso-no-ki

Synonyms: Laurus camphora (L.)

15. Clematis terniflora (vine, climber)

Clematis terniflora is a perennial vine that is frequently used as a landscaping plant. It is invasive, however, and displays aggressive growth in many areas of North America. C. terniflora can climb nearly 10 metres high, smothering trees and pulling down telephone poles.

Common Names: leatherleaf clematis, sweet autumn virginsbower, yam-leafed clematis

Synonyms: Clematis dioscoreifolia (Levl. & Vaniot), Clematis dioscoreifolia var. robusta [(Carr.) Rehd.], Clematis flammula var robusta (Carriere), Clematis maximowicziana (Franch. & Savigny), Clematis paniculata (Thunb.), Clematis recta subsp paniculata (Thunb.) Kuntze, Clematis terniflora var robusta (Carriere) Tamura

16. Columba livia (bird)    

Columba livia is native to Europe and has been introduced worldwide as a food source, or for game. These pigeons prefer to live near human habitation, such as farmland and buildings. They cause considerable damage to buildings and monuments because of their corrosive droppings. They also pose a health hazard, since they are capable of transmitting a variety of diseases to humans and to domestic poultry and wildlife.

Common Names:  pombo-doméstico, agreste, b? câu, bákteduvvá, balandis, bareski-golumbaika, baresko-golumbo, bjargdúfa, bládúgva, bládúva, bydue, calman-creige, calmane creggey, carrier pigeon, colm aille, colom roquer, colom roquer,, colom wyls, colomba salvaria, colomen ddôf, , colomen y graig, colomp salvadi, columba da chasa, columba selvadia, columbu agreste, columbu aresti, columbu de is arrocas, colu'r aille, common pigeon, didu, div gulab, divlji golub, dobato, domaci golob, domestic dove, domestic pigeon, dubet, , dziwi holb, Felsentaube, feral pigeon, feral rock pigeon, golab miejski¦Golab skalny, golab skalny, golub pecinar, golub pecinar, gradski Golub, güvercin, haitz-uso, Haustaube, Strassentaube, holub domácí, holub skalní, homing pigeon, húsdúfa, kaljutuvi, kalliokyyhky, kawarabato, kawara-bato, kesykyyhky, kieminis, klinšu balodis, klippduva, klippedue, kolombo, kolomm an garrek, naminis karvelis, paloma, paloma bravia, paloma casera, paloma común, paloma de castilla, paloma doméstica, pecinar, pëllumbi i egër i shkëmbit, piccione, piccione domestico, piccione selvatico, piccione selvatico semidomestico, piccione terraiolo, piccione torraiolo, pichon, pigeon, pigeon biset, pigeon biset domestique, pigeon de ville, pigeon domestique, pomba brava, pombo da rocha, pombo o pombo-doméstico, pombo-das-rochas, porumbel de stânca, pustynnik, rock dove , rock dove pigeon, rock pigeon, rotsduif, ruve, sizij golub, sizy Golub, sizyj golub', skalen g"l"b, , šyzy holub, , szirti galamb, tamduva, tidori, tidu, Tkhakapuyt Aghavni, tudun tal-gebel, tzidu, Verwilderte Haustaube, Xixella, yuan ge, ziwy golub

17. Commelina benghalensis (herb)

Believed to be native only to tropical Asia and Africa, Commelina benghalensis is a widely distributed herbaceous weed that commonly invades agricultural sites and disturbed areas. Though not commonly reported to invade natural areas, this rapidly reproducing plant is considered one of the most troublesome weeds for 25 crops in 29 different countries.

Common Names: alikbangon, Benghal dayflower, bias-bias, bias-bias, blue commelina, comméline, commeline du Bengale, dayflower, gewor, golondrina, hairy honohono, hairy wandering-Jew, herbe aux cochons, Indian dayflower, kanaibashi, kanasiri, kanchara, kanchura, kaningi, kanini, kankaua, kena, konasimalu, krishnaghas, kuhasi, kulkulasi, mankawa, matalí, mau‘u Toga, mau‘u Tonga, musie matala pulu, myet-cho, sabilau, sabilau, trapoeraba, tropical spiderwort, tsuyukusa, tsuyukusa, wandering-jew, yu-je-tsai

Synonyms: Commelina canescens Vahl, Commelina cucullata L., Commelina delicatula Schltdl., Commelina kilimandscharica K. Schum., Commelina mollis Jacq., Commelina nervosa Burm. f., Commelina procurrens Schltdl., Commelina prostrata Regel, Commelina pyrrhoblepharis Hassk. (1867), Commelina turbinata Vahl

18. Coptotermes formosanus (insect)

Coptotermes formosanus is a subterranean termite with an affinity for damp places. Wherever there is wood (cellulose) and moisture there is the possibility that this species can inhabit that location.

Common Names: Formosa termite, Formosan subterranean termite

Synonyms: Coptotermes intrudens

19. Corbicula fluminea (mollusc)

Corbicula fluminea is a freshwater clam that has caused millions of dollars worth of damage to intake pipes used by power, water, and other industries. Many native clams are declining as C. fluminea outcompetes them for food and space. C. fluminea requires well-oxygenated waters and prefers fine, clean sand, clay, and coarse sand substrates. C. fluminea spreads when it is attached to boats or carried in ballast water, used as bait, sold through the aquarium trade, and carried with water currents.

Common Names: Asian clam, Asiatic clam, prosperity clam

Synonyms: Corbicula leana (Prime), Corbicula fluminalis (Muller, 1774), Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1884)

20. Coronilla varia (herb)

Coronilla varia is a perennial herb with creeping stems that may reach 0.6 - 2 metres. It is tolerant of drought, heavy precipitation, and cold temperatures, but it is intolerant of shade. C. varia is adapted to all coarse and medium textured soils, but it does not grow well in fine textured, saline, and alkaline soils. It reproduces prolifically and spreads rapidly via creeping rhizomes. In the United States C. varia has been extensively planted for erosion control along many roads and other disturbed areas. It has also been widely planted for ground cover on steep banks, mine reclamation, and as a cover crop on cropland.

Common Names: arvejilla morada, axseed, bunte Kronwicke, coronilla morada, coronille bigarrée, coronille variée, crown-vetch, ruda inglesa, trailing crown-vetch

Synonyms: Securigera varia (L.) Lassen subsp. orientalis Jahn

21. Cortaderia selloana (grass)    

Cortaderia selloana is a tall tussock grass that can reach heights of 4 metres. It is found in subtropical regions in habitats such as disturbed areas along roads and trails. It forms dense stands that can exlude other plants and quickly become a fire hazard, and its sharp leaves can cut skin and limit recreational use. It is often planted as an ornamental, and is also used as a wind barrier along highways and fodder for stock. A combination of physical and chemical control is required to manage this species.

Common Names: herbe de la pampa, pampas grass , silver pampas grass , silwergras, Uruguayan pampas grass

Synonyms: Arundo selloana Schult. and Schult. f., C. argentea (Nees) Stapf, Cortaderia dioica (Spreng.) Speg., Gynerium argenteum Nees

22. Cryphonectria parasitica (fungus)

Cryphonectria parasitica is a fungus that attacks primarily Castanea spp. but also has been known to cause damage to various Quercus spp. along with other species of hardwood trees. American chestnut, C. dentata, was a dominant overstorey species in United States forests, but now they have been completely replaced within the ecosystem. C. dentata still exists in the forests but only within the understorey as sprout shoots from the root system of chestnuts killed by the blight years ago. A virus that attacks this fungus appears to be the best hope for the future of Castanea spp., and current research is focused primarily on this virus and variants of it for biological control. Chestnut blight only infects the above-ground parts of trees, causing cankers that enlarge, girdle and kill branches and trunks.

Common Names: chestnut blight, Edelkastanienkrebs

Synonyms: Endothia parasitica

23. Ctenopharyngodon idella (fish)

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is a large cyprinid introduced worldwide as a biological control of aquatic vegetation as well as a food fish. It is a voracious feeder which is incredibly efficient at removing aquatic weeds. However they can completely eliminate vegetation from water systems, resulting in widespread ecological effects. Grass carp are also known to compete with native fish, carry parasites such as Asian tapeworm (Bothriocephalus opsarichthydis), and induce other harmful effects to introduced waters.

Common Names: amur, amur bialy, amur biely, amur i bardhe, amurkarpfen, beli amur, belyi amur, bílý amur, byal amur, Cá Châm Treng, carpa China, carpa do limo , carpa erbivora, carpa herbivora, carpe de roseau, carpe herbivore, Chinese carp, Chinese graskarper, chortofagos kyprinos, crap-de-iarba, gardd carp, græskarpe, graskarp, gräskarp, gräskarp, graskarpe, graskarpen, graskarper, graskarpfen, grass carp, hullu, hullugende, kap makan rumput, kap rumput, Pla Chao Hea, Pla Chao Heu, Pla Van Heu, ruohokarppi, silver orfe, sôgyo, tongsan, trey srokchen, waan ue, white amur

Synonyms: Ctenopharingodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844), Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes, 1844), Ctenopharyngodon laticeps (Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus idella (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus idella (Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus idellus (Valenciennes, 1844), Leuciscus tschiliensis (Valenciennes, 1844), Pristiodon siemionovii (Valenciennes, 1844), Sarcocheilichthys teretiusculus (Valenciennes, 1844)

24. Cynoglossum officinale (herb)

Cynoglossum officinale otherwise known as hound's tongue in common vernacular is a biennial herbaceous plant that invades disturbed areas and waste places. It occurs widespread throughout North America, in the U.S. and Canada. The leaves of the plant, in particular the rosette leaves, are high in toxic alkaloids that can poison livestock. Hound's tongue also has a thick, deep taproot that makes it successful at competing with native vegetation for soil resources. The seeds of hound's tongue are burred so they easily attach to the fur of animals or on the clothing and shoes of humans allowing them to spread to new uninfested areas.

Common Names: beggar's lice, common bur, common houndstongue, Cynoglosse officinal, dog bur, dog's tongue, ebnyelvufu, Echte Hundezunge, Echte Hundszunge, Gebräuchliche Hundszunge, Gemeine Hundszunge, Gewone hondstong, glovewort, gypsy flower, Harilik rass, hondstong, hound's tongue, houndstongue, Hundetunge, Hundetunge, Hundtunga, Közönséges ebnyelvufu, Læge-Hundetunge, Langue-de-chien, Lengua de perro, Lingua-di-cane vellutina, Orvosi ebnyelvufu, Ostrzen pospolity, rats and mice, Rohtokoirankielet, sheep lice, Užanka lékarská, woolmat

Synonyms: Cynoglossum officinale f. bicolor

25. Cyperus rotundus (sedge)

Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) is a weed in over 90 countries and the world's worst invasive weed based on its distribution and effect on crops. Its complex underground network of tubers, basal bulbs, roots and rhizomes ensure its ability to survive and reproduce during adverse conditions. Further biological features, such as its adaptation to high temperatures, solar radiation and humidity, have turned this weed into a serious problem in subtropical and even arid regions.

Common Names: ‘oniani lau, ‘oniani rau, ‘oniani tita, alho-bravo, almendra de tierra, balisanga, boto-botonis, brown nut sedge, capim-alho, capim-dandá, castanuela, castañuela, cebollín, chaguan humatag, chufa, coco, cocograss, coquillo, coquillo purpura, coquito, cortadera, hamasuge, herbe à oignons, ivako, junça, juncia, juncia real, kili‘o‘opu, kili'o'opu, mala-apulid, malanga, matie ‘oniani, matie'oniani, mau‘u mokae, mau‘u mokae, mauku ‘oniani, mauku'oniani, mot ha, mothe, mumuta, mutha, nut grass, nut sedge, nutgrass, oniani, oniani lau, oniani rau, oniani tita, pakopako, pakopako, pakopako, purple nut sedge, purple nut sedge, purple nutsedge, red nut sedge, Rundes Zypergras, soranakambani, soro ni kabani, soronakambani, souchet à tubercules, souchet d'Asie, souchet en forme d'olive, souchet rond, suo cao, sur-sur, tamanengi, te mumute, tiririca, tiririca-vermelha , tuteoneon, vucesa, vuthesa, xiang fu zi, ya haeo mu, ya khon mu, zigolo infestante

Synonyms: Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla, Cyperus olivaris Targioni-Tozzetti, Cyperus purpuro-variegatus Boeckeler, Cyperus stoloniferum pallidus Boeckeler, Cyperus tetrastachyos Desf., Cyperus tuberosus Roxb, Pycreus rotundus (L.) Hayek

26. Cyprinella lutrensis (fish)

Cyprinella lutrensis commonly known as red shiner, is native to the rivers and streams of the Midwest of the United States. Its use as bait has helped in expanding its range to include the southwest of the United States and Mexico. The fish prefers disturbed areas where there are few other cyprinids. They are known to eat small invertebrates and spawn in the mid-summer months.

Common Names: carpita roja, red horse minnow, red shiner

Synonyms: Leuciscus lutrensis (Baird and Girard, 1853), Notropis lutrensis (Baird and Girard, 1853)

27. Cyprinus carpio (fish)    

The introduction of fish as a source of protein for human consumption into tropical and subtropical lake systems is continuing apace. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has been cultured for 2500 years and is also a popular angling and ornamental fish; is the third most frequently introduced species in the world. Its method of feeding churns up the sediments on the bottom of the water and uproots macrophytes, making it an keystone ecosystem engineer that altering habitats for native fish and other native aquatic species.

Common Names: Cá Chép , carp, carpa, carpat, carpe, carpe, carpe commune, carpeau, carpo, cerpyn, ciortan, ciortanica, ciortocrap, ciuciulean, common carp, crap, crapcean, cyprinos, escarpo, Europäischer Karpfen, European carp, fancy carp, feral carp, German carp, grass carp, grivadi, ikan mas, Japanese domesticated carp, kapoor-e-maamoli, kapor, kapr obecný, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp, karp dziki a. sazan, karpa, karpar, karpe, Karpe, karpen, karper, karpfen, karpion, karppi, kerpaille, king carp, koi, koi carp, korop, krap, krapi, kyprinos, læderkarpe, lauk mas, leather carp, leekoh, lei ue, mas massan, mirror carp, olocari, Oriental carp, pa nai, pba ni, pla nai, ponty, punjabe gad, rata pethiya, saran, Saran, sarmão, sazan, sazan baligi, scale carp, sharan, skælkarpe, soneri masha, spejlkarpe, sulari, suloi, tikure, trey carp samahn, trey kap, ulucari, weißfische, wild carp, wildkarpfen

Synonyms: Carpio carpio gibbosus (Kessler, 1856), Carpio flavipinna Valenciennes, 1842, Carpio vulgaris Rapp, 1854, Cyprinus acuminatus Heckel & Kner, 1858, Cyprinus acuminatus Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus angulatus Heckel, 1843, Cyprinus atrovirens Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus bithynicus Richardson, 1857, Cyprinus carpio anatolicus Hanko, 1924, Cyprinus carpio aralensis Spiczakow, 1935, Cyprinus carpio brevicirri Misik, 1958, Cyprinus carpio elongatus Walecki, 1863, Cyprinus carpio fluviatilis Pravdin, 1945, Cyprinus carpio longicirri Misik, 1958, Cyprinus carpio monstrosus Walecki, 1863, Cyprinus carpio oblongus Antipa, 1909, Cyprinus chinensis Basilewsky, 1855, Cyprinus conirostris Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus festetitsii Bonaparte, 1845, Cyprinus flamm Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus fossicola Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus haematopterus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus melanotus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Cyprinus nordmannii Valenciennes, 1842, Cyprinus sculponeatus Richardson, 1846, Cyprinus thermalis Heckel, 1843, Cyprinus tossicole Elera, 1895, Cyprinus vittatus Valenciennes, 1842

28. Cytisus scoparius (shrub)

The densely growing Cytisus scoparius is a shrub indigenous to Europe and northern Asia that favours temperate climates and is found in abundance on sandy pastures and heaths. It is sparingly naturalized in sandy soil in North America. It grows best in dry, sandy soils in full sunlight and can also do well on soils high in boron. Where introduced, it colonizes pastures and cultivated fields, dry scrubland and "wasteland", and native grasslands. Most rapid spread of the plant has occurred along waterways where the seed is distributed by water. It is also spread rapidly along roads, where the seed is distributed by passing vehicles. Wind, birds, and other animals may also transport seeds. Seed re-introduction may occur from the sheep droppings during grazing.

Common Names: Besenginster, broomtops, common broom, European broom, genêt à balais, giesta, Irish broom, Scotch broom

Synonyms: Genista scoparius (Lam.)., Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer ex Koch, Spartium scoparium (Linn.).

29. Daphnia lumholtzi (crustacean)

Daphnia lumholtzi is a cladoceran commonly referred to as a water flea. It is type of zooplankton that serves as an important food source for larval and juvenile fish. It is invading reservoirs and lakes across North America and it is feared that this species may have a detrimental effect on fish that depend on zooplankton in their larval and juvenile stage. It is also feared that Daphnia lumholtzi will replace native Daphnia and cause a shift in pelagic communities of both zooplankton and fish.

Common Names: water flea

30. Diaphorina citri (insect)

Diaphorina citri or Asian citrus psyllid is one of the most serious pests of citrus in the world. It causes damage through direct feeding and its toxic saliva, leading to leaf distortion and curling in young tender growth. In addition the copious amounts of honeydew it excretes causes sooty molds to grow which blemish leaves and reduce photosynthesis. However it is the ability of D. citri to vector the Asian and American forms of the huanglongbing (HLB) disease which makes this so damaging. HLB is caused by phloem-restricted bacteria in the genus Candidatus Liberibacter. HLB causes chlorosis resembling zinc deficiency, twig dieback, stunting of growth and reduced fruit size and quality. Trees usually die after several years and entire orchards may be devastated. HLB seriously threatens citrus industries worldwide. At present there are no curative methods for trees infected with the bacteria, so control methods have focused on reducing D. citri populations. Control is achieved through a combination of physical, chemical and biological methods.

Common Names: Asian citrus psyllid, Asiatic citrus psyllid, Citrus psylla, Oriental citrus psyllid, Psilideo de l'aranjeira, Psylle de l'oranger

Synonyms: Euphalerus citri Crawford

31. Dioscorea oppositifolia (herb, vine, climber)

Dioscorea oppositifolia is a fast growing twining vine that has escaped from cultivation. It can survive in a number of different habitats and environmental conditions, but is most commonly found at the edges of rich, mesic bottomland forests, along stream banks and drainageways and near fencerows. Initial infestations are generally associated with human-caused disturbances, such as near old home sites and along roadways, and from these areas it can easily spread to nearby riparian swaths and undisturbed habitats. It can tolerate light levels ranging from full sun to full shade, but mostly grows at intermediate light levels along forest edges and it is typically found in silty loam soils. It also prefers soils that are relatively rich in nitrogen. D. oppositifolia propagules are dispersed primarily by gravity but may be dispersed further by water or by animals.

Common Names: Chinese yam, cinnamon vine

Synonyms: Dioscorea batatas Dcne., Dioscorea cayenensis Lam. var. pseudobatatas Hauman, Dioscorea decaisneana Carrière, Dioscorea doryphora Hance, Dioscorea opposita Thunb., nom. illeg., Dioscorea oppositifolia L. var. linnaei Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea oppositifolia L. var. meeboldtii Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea oppositifolia L. var. thwaitesii Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea polystachya Turcz., Dioscorea potaninii Prain & Burkill, Dioscorea rosthornii Diels, Dioscorea swinhoei Rolfe, Dioscorea trinervia Roxb. ex Prain & Burkill

32. Dreissena polymorpha (mollusc)

Common Names: Dreiecksmuschel, Dreikantmuschel, dreisena, Eurasian zebra mussel, moule zebra, racicznica zmienna, Schafklaumuschel, svitraina gliemene, tavaline ehk muutlik rändkarp, vaeltajasimpukka, vandremusling, vandringsmussla, wandering mussel, Wandermuschel, zebra mussel, Zebramuschel, Zebra-Muschel, Zebramussel

Synonyms: Mytilus hagenii, Mytilus polymorpha Pallas 1771, Mytilus polymorphus (Pallas), Tichogonia chemnitzii (Rossm.)

33. Egeria densa (aquatic plant)    

Egeria densa is a submersed, freshwater perennial herb that forms dense monospecific stands that restrict water movement, trap sediment, and cause fluctuations in water quality. It has also affected the status of certain threatened species. It has been introduced worldwide through the aquarium trade, and even in its native range can become a nuisance species causing local economic impacts. Chemical control is the most effective option for management of E. densa. Mechanical control is not recommended because fragments of the plant left behind can readily re-colonize and move downstream. The introduction of grass carp offers biological control of this species, but care must be taken because carp can introduce their own negative effects on the environment.

Common Names: Brazilian elodea , Brazilian waterweed , Brazilian-waterweed , common waterweed , dense waterweed , egeria , leafy elodea , South American waterweed

Synonyms: Anacharis densa (Planch.) Victorin, Elodea densa (Planch.) Caspary, Philotria densa (Planch.) Small & St. John

34. Eichhornia crassipes (aquatic plant)    

Originally from South America, Eichhornia crassipes is one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. Its beautiful, large purple and violet flowers make it a popular ornamental plant for ponds. It is now found in more than 50 countries on five continents. Water hyacinth is a very fast growing plant, with populations known to double in as little as 12 days. Infestations of this weed block waterways, limiting boat traffic, swimming and fishing. Water hyacinth also prevents sunlight and oxygen from reaching the water column and submerged plants. Its shading and crowding of native aquatic plants dramatically reduces biological diversity in aquatic ecosystems.

Common Names: aguapé, bekabe kairanga, bung el ralm, bung el ralm, floating water hyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, jal khumbe, jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, lirio acuatico, mbekambekairanga, riri vai, wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth, water orchid, wota haisin

Synonyms: Eichhornia speciosa Kunth, Heteranthera formosa, Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Raf., Piaropus mesomelas, Pontederia crassipes Mart. (basionym)

35. Elaeagnus pungens (shrub)

Originally from eastern Asia, Elaeagnus pungens has found its way to the United States, New Zealand and Europe. It is a plant that may out-compete other plants for sunlight because of its outward growth (it can grow as tall as 8 m). Its ability to grow in most soils makes it easy to move into natural areas and take over the native vegetation. This particular species can be controlled with the herbicides.

Common Names: leathery silver-bush, nawashiro-gumi , pungent elaeagnus, silverthorn, spotted elaeagnus, thorny elaeagnus, thorny olive

Synonyms: Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. forma aurea (Servett.) Rehder, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. forma masculata Veitch, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. subsp. eupungens , Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. var. simonii (Carrière) G. Nicholson, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. var. typica C.K. Schneid., Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. var. variegata Rheder, Elaeagnus reflexa E. Morren & Decne. , Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.  var. aureovariegata Bean, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.  var. frederici Bean, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.  var. reflexa (E. Morren & Decne.) Rehder, Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. subsp. simonii (Carrière) Servett., Elaeagnus simonii Carrière   

36. Elaeagnus umbellata (tree, shrub)

Elaeagnus umbellata is valued as an ornamental because of its silvery foliage and flowers and its hardiness under dry conditions. It invades grasslands and disturbed areas adjacent to the plantings, and encroachment can be rapid because of its high seed production and germination rate. It grows well on a variety of soils, including sandy, loamy, and somewhat clayey textures. It does very well on infertile soils because its roots can fix nitrogen, which has also fostered its use as a nurse plant in walnut orchards. E. umbellata seeds are ingested with fruit and dispersed by birds and mammals. Seeds are also used in some places for wildlife plantings.E. umbellata has the potential of becoming one of the most troublesome adventive shrubs in the central and eastern United States.

Common Names: aki-gumi, autumn elaeagnus, autumn-olive, silverberry

Synonyms: Elaeagnus argyi H.Lev., Elaeagnus crispa Thunb. var. coreana (H.Lev.) Nakai, Elaeagnus crispa Thunb. var. typica Nakai, Elaeagnus parvifolia Royle, Elaeagnus salicifolia D. Don ex Loudon, Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. subsp. euumbellata Servettaz, Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. subsp. parvifolia (Royle )Servett., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. var. coreana (H.Lev.) H.Lev., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. var. parvifolia (Royle) C.K.Schneid., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. var. typica C.K. Schneid.

37. Eleutherodactylus planirostris (amphibian)

Eleutherodactylus planirostris, the Greenhouse Frog, is a small anuran native to the Caribbean which has invaded non-native Caribbean locations, the United States, and Mexico. Most commonly spread through infested plants transported by nursery trade, it has potential for rapid colonization and represents a threat to native funa in introduced ranges.

Common Names: greenhouse frog , rana-ladrona de invernadero

Synonyms: Euhyas planirostris, Hylodes planirostris

38. Erodium cicutarium (herb)

Erodium cicutarium is an annual, winter annual or biennial that is a pioneer on disturbed and arid sites. It can cause yield reductions of crops and the seed is very difficult to clean out of small seeded crops. Erodium cicutarium is considered a noxious weed as it crowds out or outcompetes crops and native plant species. Erodium cicutarium provides forage for rodents, desert tortoise, big game animals, livestock and also upland game birds and songbirds. Prevention may be the best method for controlling Erodium cicutarium, however, it may be impossible to actually prevent this species from colonising, or to eradicate it, once present. There are few known chemical control methods for Erodium cicutarium besides, general herbicide controls.

Common Names: alfilaree, alfilaria, alfilerillo, California filaree, cutleaf filaree, filaree, heronsbill, loiquilahuen, pin-grass, pin-weed, redstem, redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill, relojito, stork's bill, tachuela

39. Euonymus fortunei (vine, climber)

Euonymus fortunei is a shrub-like vine native to Asia. Euonymus fortunei can outcompete native vegetation by depleting soil moisture and nutrients, blocking sunlight and by forming a dense vegetative mat that impedes the growth of the seedlings of native species. It spreads by escaping from gardens or floating down streams, where it invades undisturbed forest and riparian areas. Locally, Euonymus fortunei is spread by wildlife and birds which feed on its seed structures.

Common Names: emerald'n Gold, gaiety, wintercreeper

Synonyms: Elaeodendron fortunei (Turcz.), Euonymus japonicus (Thunb.) var. acutus (Rehder), Euonymus radicans var. acutus Rehder

40. Hedera helix (vine, climber)

Hedera helix is an evergreen climbing vine of the ginseng family (Araliaceae). It is an aggressive invader that threatens all vegetation levels of forested and open areas, growing along the ground as well as into the forest canopy. It is widely used as a fast-growing, low maintenance, evergreen groundcover and once established at a site, Hedera helix can be expected to move beyond its intended borders by vegetative means or by seed. Seeds are dispersed to new areas primarily by birds.

Common Names: English Ivy

Synonyms: Hedera helix f. arborescens, Hedera helix f. minima, Hedera helix var. conglomerata, Hedera helix var. crenata, Hedera helix var. minima, Hedera helix var. taurica, Hedera poetarum var. taurica, Hedera taurica

41. Hydrilla verticillata (aquatic plant)    

Hydrilla verticillata is a submerged freshwater aquatic weed that can tolerate salinity up to 7%. It crowds out native plants by shading them and out-competing them for nutrients. The dense masses it forms interfere with recreational activities such as boating, fishing and swimming. Hydrilla verticillata can be dispersed by river flow, waterfowl and recreational activities and is sold as an aquarium plant.

Common Names: Florida elodea, hydrilla, oxygen weed, water thyme, water weed

42. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (fish)

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix is a carp, native to Asia. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have been introduced around the world for aquaculture purposes and also for controlling excessive growth of phytoplankton in natural waters. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have the potential to reduce native diversity by competing for and depleting zooplankton populations, altering the food web. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have also been found to carry and transmit the disease Salmonella typhimurium.

Common Names: amour argenté, asimokyprinos, ballgjeri i bardhe, belli-gende, belyi tolstolob, belyi tolstolobik, bin ue, byal tolstolob, carpa argentata, carpa plateada, carpa-prateada, carpe argentée, carpe asiatique, carpe chinoise, Chinese schemer, cho ue, crap argintiu, crap-chinezesc-argintiu, fehér busa, fytofag, hakuren, hopeapaksuotsa, kap perak, kasaf, kopur noqreai, lin ue, phytophague, pla leng hea, pla leng heu, pla lin, pla pae long, pla pin hea, pla pin heu, silberkarpfen, silver carp, silverkarp, silwerkarp, sølvkarpe, Sølvkarpe, tolpyga, tolpyga biala, tolstolob, tolstolob biely, tolstolobik, tolstolobik bílý, tolstolobik obecný, tongsan putih, toplyga biala, tovstolob zvychajnyi, zilverkarper

Synonyms: Abramocephalus microlepis Steindachner, 1869 , Cephalus mantschuricus Basilewsky, 1855 , Hypophthalmichthys dabry Guichenot, 1871 , Hypophthalmichthys dybowskii Herzenstein, 1888 , Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) , Hypothalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) , Hypothamicthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) , Leuciscus hypophthalmus Richardson, 1945 , Leuciscus molitrix Valenciennes, 1844 , Onychodon mantschuricus Basilewsky, 1872

43. Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (fish)

Hypophthalmichthys nobilis commonly known as bighead carp are native to Asia. They have been introduced around the world for aquaculture purposes. They are also used to control excessive growths of phytoplankton in natural waters. These species have the potential to reduce native diversity by competing for and depleting zooplankton populations thus altering the food web. H. nobilis have also been found to carry and transmit various diseases. H. nobilis is also known by its synonym Aristichthys nobilis.

Common Names: amour à grosse tête, amour marbré, ballgjeri laraman, belli-gende, big head, bighead, bighead carp, boon tau ue, cá mè hoa, carpa cabeza grande, carpa cabezona, carpa dalla testa grande, carpe à grosse tête, carpe chinoise, carpe marbrée, crap argintiu nobil, dai tau, fa lin, gefleckter silberkarpfen, grootkopkarper, Hak lin, kap kepala besar, kapoor-e-sargondeh, kokuren, marmarokyprinos, marmoripaksuotsa, marmorkarp, marmorkarpe, marmorkarpfen, novac, pastar tolstolob, pestryi tolstolob, piestryi tolstolobik, pla song hea, pla song heu, pla tao teo, sung ue, tolpyga pstra, tolstolebec pestrý, tolstolob pestrý, tolstolobec pestrý, tolstolobik pestrý, tongsan, tovstolob strokatyi

Synonyms: Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) , Hypophthalmichthys mantschuricus Kner, 1867 , Leuciscus nobilis Richardson, 1845

44. Imperata cylindrica (grass)    

Imperata cylindrica is considered one of the 10 worst weeds in the world and has been reported by 73 countries as a pest in a total of 35 crops. It is one of the most noxious colonisers of degraded humid tropical forest soils and often invades abandoned shifting-cultivation areas. In Southeast Asian, Imperata cylindrica grasslands are largely considered unproductive wastelands and its total coverage throughout the tropics (natural grasslands included) is estimated at 2,000,000 km².

Common Names: alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte, satintail, speargrass

Synonyms: Imperata arundinacea Cirillo, Lagurus cylindricus L.

45. Iris pseudacorus (herb)

Iris pseudacorus is a perennial monocot forb that forms dense stands of robust plants. It thrives in temperate climates and can grow in water up to 25cm deep. It is a fast-growing and fast-spreading invasive plant that can out-compete other wetland plants, forming almost impenetrable thickets. Iris pseudacorus is poisonous to grazing animals and caution should be used if pulling out this plant as it causes skin irritations. It has typically been introduced as an ornamental, but has also been used in erosion control and for making dyes and fibre.

Common Names: fleur-de-lis , iris jaune , pale-yellow iris , water flag , yellow flag , yellow iris , yellow water iris , yellow-flag iris

Synonyms: Iris acoriformis Boreau , Iris acoroides Spach , Iris bastardii Boreau , Iris curtopetala F. Delaroche , Iris flava Tornab. , Iris lutea Lam. , Iris paludosa Pers. , Iris pseudacorus L. var. parviflora Bastard , Iris sativa Mill.

46. Landoltia punctata (aquatic plant)

Native to Southeastern Asia and Australia and arguably to the United States, Landoltia punctata (dotted duckweed) has been introduced to several states in the U.S.A. and many European and Asian countries. It thrives in nutrient rich waters and prefers slow moving or stagnant ponds to enhabitat. Consequences of its introduction are unknown, but its capability to reproduce quickly, disperse rapidly and grow in low oxygen areas make it a potential threat to freshwater systems.

Common Names: dotted duckmeat, dotted duckweed, giant duckweed

Synonyms: Lemna melanorrhiza F. Muell. ex Kurz in J. Bot. 5 (1867), Lemna oligorhiza Kurz in J. Linn. Soc. London 9 (1866), Lemna pleiorrhiza F. Muell. ex Kurz in J. Bot. 5 (1867), Lemna punctata G. Mey., Prim. fl. Esseq. (1818), Spirodela javanica (Bauer) Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895), Spirodela melanorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895), Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm., Lemnaceen (1868), Spirodela pleiorrhiza Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895), Spirodela punctata (G. Mey.) Thompson in Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 9 (1897), Spirodela pusilla Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (1895)

47. Lespedeza cuneata (herb, shrub)

Lespedeza cuneata is a long-lived perennial that grows well in grasslands, pastures, along roadsides, drainage areas, fencerows and in other disturbed areas. It is often found as a weed in cultivated areas, fallow and abandoned fields, meadows and marshes. It is adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions and is tolerant of drought. Lespedeza cuneata can survive freezing winter temperatures, but is often damaged by late spring freezes. Lespedeza cuneata grows best in deep soils, such as deep sands with organic matter or sandy loams with clay loam subsoil. It will also grow on strongly acidic to neutral soils. Dispersal is aided by animals that consume the fruits then pass the seeds; autumn dispersal is aided by the collection of hay in infested fields.

Common Names: Chinese bush-clover, Chinese lespedeza, hairy lespedeza, Himalayan bushclover, Japanischer Klee, lespedeza perenne, lespédéza soyeux, perennial lespedeza, sericea lespedeza, silky bush-clover

Synonyms: Anthyllis cuneata Dum. Cours., Aspalathus cuneata D. Don, Hedysarum sericeum Thunb., Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea (Maxim.) Steenis, Lespedeza juncea var. sericea Forbes & Hemsl., Lespedeza juncea var. sericea Maxim., Lespedeza sericea Benth., Lespedeza sericea Miq.

48. Ligustrum lucidum (tree)

Ligustrum lucidum (tree privet) is a native of Asia and has been introduced to many different locations, mainly for gardens and hedges. Its ability to grow in different habitats has made it an extremely noxious weed in several places, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Mozambique and some parts of Continental America.

Common Names: broadleaf privet, glossy privet, large leaf privet, ligustrum privet, privet, tree privet

Synonyms: Esquirolia sinensis H.Lev., Faulia verrucosa Raf., Ligustrum esquirolii H.Lev., Ligustrum hookeri Decne., Ligustrum lucidum Aiton f.  var. esquirolii (H.Lev.) H.Lev., Ligustrum nepalense Wall.  var. glabrum Hook., Ligustrum roxburghii Blume, Olea clavata G.Don, Phillyrea paniculata Roxb., Visiania paniculata (Roxb.)DC.

49. Ligustrum sinense (tree, shrub)    

Ligustrum sinense is a shrub or small tree native to China, Vietnam and Laos that can grow up to 7 metres tall. Its flowers are small and somewhat unpleasantly fragrant and its fruits are dark blue or bluish-black. Ligustrum sinense has been reported in floodplains, wetlands and bogs, as well as in dry, moist and wet forests, waste places, roadsides and open stream systems. It is widespread and common, especially near towns, where it is deliberately planted. Ligustrum sinense may displace shrubs of alluvial forests and remain persistent in these areas. Ligustrum sinense fruits are consumed by wildlife, particularly birds, which often excrete the seeds unharmed at distant locations where they may germinate and become established. Ligustrum sinense can easily escape cultivation to invade adjacent areas and can form dense monospecific thickets.

Common Names: Chinese ligustrum, Chinese privet, troène de Chine, xiao la

Synonyms: Ligustrum calleryanum Decne., Ligustrum indicum (Lour.) Merr., Ligustrum microcarpum Kaneh. & Sasaki, Ligustrum sinense Lour. var. multiflorum Bowles, Ligustrum sinense Lour. var. villosum (May) Rehder, Ligustrum sinense var. stauntonii (DC.) Rehder, Ligustrum stauntonii DC., Ligustrum villosum May, Olea consanguinea Hance, Olea walpersiana Hance, Phillyrea indica Lour.

50. Ligustrum vulgare (shrub)

Native to Europe and northern Africa, Ligustrum vulgare is a shrub that grows in sandy, loamy and clay soils. Ligustrum vulgare is a perennial shrub that has a maximum height of 4.5 metres and has many branches that flower. Ligustrum vulgare displaces native vegetation by forming dense thickets. Herbicides have been used to control Ligustrum vulgare when the plants are large but the most effective control method is to dig the plants out when they are small.

Common Names: aitalikusteri, common privet, European privet, gewone liguster, golden privet, wild privet

Synonyms: Ligustrum italicum Mill, Olea humilis Salisb.

51. Lonicera japonica (vine, climber)    

Lonicera japonica is an extremely vigorous vine which grows up through the canopy, smothering and ultimately killing the host tree. It competes with native plants for light and nutrients and prevents the understorey and small trees from developing, causing a reduction in forest diversity. Lonicera japonica is shade and drought tolerant, though it needs full to partial sunlight to grow successfully. It spreads rapidly via above-ground runners that root at nodes and its seeds may be eaten by birds and then dispersed. It is planted in gardens and along roadsides for landscaping purposes and can also be spread by the dumping of garden waste.

Common Names: chèvrefeuille, chèvrefeuille du Japon, Chinese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Japanisches Geissblatt, madreselva, madressilva

Synonyms: Caprifolium hallianum Hort., Lonicera brachypoda DC., Lonicera flexuosa Thun., Lonicera japonica var. chinensis, Lonicera japonica var. chinensis (P.W. Wats.) Baker, Nintooa japonica , Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet

52. Lotus corniculatus (herb)

Lotus corniculatus (bird's foot trefoil) is a low growing perennial legume that has long been valued as an agricultural crop. Lotus corniculatus is native to much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa, but now has a near global distribution. Over most of its range, Lotus corniculatus is not considered invasive, although in a few areas it has out-competed native vegetation.

Common Names: bacon and eggs, birdfoot deervetch, birdsfoot trefoil, bird's-foot trefoil, bloomfell, buinuzlu Gurdotu, butter and eggs, cat's clover, common lotus, cornette, cornichão, crowtoes, cube, cuernecillo, cuernecillo del campo, Devil's fingers, devil's-claw, Dutchman's clogs, ebert khoshoontzor, ekhdzherarvuit, gafgaz gurdotu, garden birdsfoot trefoil, garden bird's-foot-trefoil, Gemeiner Hornklee, ghizdei marunt, ginestrina, granny's toenails, ground honeysuckle, harilik noiahammas, hen and chickens, hop 'o my thumb, Hornklee, karingtand, keltamaite, komonica zwycrajna, kurdglisprchkhila, kurdlis prukhila, lady's fingers, lady's slippers, lotier corniculé, loto corniculado, lyadvenetz baltiiski , lyadvenetz kavkazski, lyadvenetz komarova, lyadvenetz krymski , lyadvenetz olgi, lyadvenetz polevoi, lyadvenetz rogatyi , lyadvenetz ruprekhta, lyadvenetz somnitelnyi , lyadvenetz zhigulevski, palyavaya akatzyya, paprastasis garzdenis , pied-de-poule, ragaine vanagnadzini , rutvitza ragataya, sheep-foot, tryzaouka, upright trefoil, yellow treefoil, zayachchy bratki

Synonyms: Lotus ambiguus Besser ex Spreng., Lotus ambiguus Spreng, Lotus arvensis Pers., Lotus balticus Miniaev, Lotus carpetanus Lacaita, Lotus caucasicus Kuprian, Lotus caucasicus Kuprian., Lotus ciliatus sensu Schur, Lotus corniculatus L. var. crassifolia Fr., Lotus corniculatus L. var. kochii Chrtkova, Lotus corniculatus L. var. maritimus Rupr., Lotus corniculatus subsp. major (Scop.) Gams, Lotus corniculatus var. arvensis (Pers.) Ser., Lotus corniculatus var. glaber Opiz, Lotus corniculatus var. major (Scop.) Brand, Lotus corniculatus var.arvensis (Schkuhr) Ser. ex DC., Lotus filicaulis Durieu, Lotus frondosus (Freyn) Kuprian, Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.larson, Lotus komarovii Miniaev, Lotus major Scop., Lotus olgae Klokov, Lotus peczoricus Miniaev and Ulle, Lotus ruprechtii Miniaev , Lotus tauricus Juz., Lotus ucrainicus Klokov, Lotus zhegulensis Klokov

53. Ludwigia peruviana (aquatic plant)    

Ludwigia peruviana is a wetland species that has been introduced as an ornamental for its bright yellow and showy flowers. Once established, however, it forms dense, monotypic stands along shorelines and banks and then begins to sprawl out into the water and can form floating islands of vegetation. At this point, Ludwigia peruviana can clog waterways, damage structures and dominate native vegetation.

Common Names: ludwigia, Peruvian primrose, Peruvian primrosebush, Peruvian primrose-willow , water-primrose

Synonyms: Jussiaea grandiflora Ruiz & Pav. , Jussiaea hirta (L.) Sw., Jussiaea macrocarpa Kunth , Jussiaea peruviana L. , Jussiaea peruviana L. forma hirsuta Hassl. , Jussiaea peruviana L. forma tomentosa Hassl. , Jussiaea peruviana L. var. australis Hassl. , Jussiaea peruviana L. var. glaberrima Donn.Sm., Jussiaea peruviana L. var. macrocarpa (Kunth) Bertoni , Jussiaea peruviana L. var. typica Munz , Jussiaea speciosa Ridl. , Jussiaea sprengeri L. H. Bailey , Ludwigia hirta (L.) M.Gómez , Ludwigia peruviana (L.) Hara var. glaberrima (Donn.Sm.) Alain , Oenothera hirta L.

54. Lygodium japonicum (vine, climber, fern)

Lygodium japonicum is a vine-like fern with a highly developed ability to climb herbs, shurbs and trees. Its invasiveness arises from its ability to climb to heights of 30m and can smother vegetation by forming dense mats which displace native species, alters fire ecology and impacts rare, threatened and endangered species.

Common Names: Japanese climbing fern, kani-kusa, tsuru-shinobu

Synonyms: Hydroglossum japonicum, Lygodium chaerophylloides Desv. , Lygodium dissectum, Lygodium mearnsii Copel. , Lygodium microstachyum Desv. var. glabrescens Nakai , Lygodium pubescens Kaulf. , Lygodium tenue Blume , Ophioglossum japonicum Thunb.

55. Lythrum salicaria (aquatic plant, herb)    

Lythrum salicaria is an erect perennial herb with a woody stem and whirled leaves. It has the ability to reproduce prolifically by both seed dispersal and vegetative propagation. Any sunny or partly shaded wetland is vulnerable to L. salicaria invasion, but disturbed areas with exposed soil accelerate the process by providing ideal conditions for seed germination.

Common Names: Blutweiderich, purple loosestrife, rainbow weed, salicaire, spiked loosestrife

Synonyms: Lythrum salicaria var. gracilior Turcz., Lythrum salicaria var. tomentosum (P. Mill.) DC., Lythrum salicaria var. vulgare DC.

56. Melilotus alba (herb)

Native to Asia, Europe, and northern Africa, Melilotus alba (commonly known as white sweet clover) was introduced to the United States and first recorded in 1739.

Common Names: almengó blanc, bai hua cao mu xi, bokhara-clover , Bokharaklee, donnik belyi, fehér somkóró, heuin jeon dong ssa ri, hierba orejera, honey clover, honey-lotus, hubam, hubam clover, hvid stenkløver, hvit steinkløver, melilot, melilot blanc , mélilot blanc, meliloto bianco, meliloto blanco, meliloto-branco, Melilotos, mielcón, mielga, nostrzyk bialy, Shirobana shinagawa hagi, trébol de olor blanco , trébol oloroso, tree clover, valkomesikkä, Vit sötväppling, Weisser honigklee, Weißer steinklee, white melilot, white millet, white sweetclover

Synonyms: Melilotus alba Desr., Melilotus alba L., Melilotus albus Medik, Melilotus albus var. annuus H.S. Coe, Melilotus leucanthus W.D.J. Koch ex DC., Melilotus officinalis subsp. albus (Medik.) H. Ohashi and Tateishi

57. Microstegium vimineum (grass)

Microstegium vimineum is an annual grass native to Asia. It grows quickly, produces abundant seed and easily invades habitats that have been disturbed by natural and anthropogenic sources. Microstegium vimineum occupies riparian habitats, lawns, woodland thickets, damp fields and roadside ditches. It is usually found under moderate to dense shade in moist conditions, but it does not persist in areas with periodic standing water, or in full sunlight. The coldest winter temperature at which invasive populations occur is approximately -21° to -23° C. It occurs in soils of average potassium and phosphorus levels but high in nitrogen. Soil acidity, however, may limit nutrient availability. It spreads by rooting at nodes along the stem, and fruits and seeds disperse by water and on animals. Also, fruits have been transported on vehicles, and in hay and soil.

Common Names: annual jewgrass, Asian stilt grass , bamboograss, Chinese packing grass , flexible sesagrass, Japanese grass, Japanese stilt grass , Mary's grass, Nepal grass , Nepal microstegium, Nepalese browntop, Vietnamese stilt grass

Synonyms: Andropogon vimineium, Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze, Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze var. imberbis (Nees ex Steud.) Kuntze , Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze var. variabilis Kuntze , Microstegium aristulatum Robyns & Tournay , Microstegium imberbe (Nees ex Steud.) Tzvelev, Microstegium vimineum var. imberbe, Microstegium willdenovianum Nees ex Lindl., Pollinia imberbis Nees var. genuina Hack. , Pollinia imberbis Nees var. willdenoviana (Nees) Hack. , Pollinia imberbis Nees ex Steud., Pollinia viminea (Trin.) Merr., Pollinia willdenoviana (Nees ex Lindl.) Benth.

58. Miscanthus sinensis (grass)

Originially introduced from Asia in the nursery trade, Miscanthus sinensis is one of the most common ornamental plants. Its height and fast growth enable it to eclipse native vegetation growing close to the soil surface. Although it has not caused as much damage as some invasive grasses, its ability to inhabit disturbed areas and its popularity as an ornamental species make it a serious threat to native flora.

Common Names: chinese fairy grass, chinese silver grass, Chinesisches Stielbluetengras, eulalia, eulalia grass, Gemeines Chinaschilf, japanese silver grass, maiden grass, miscanthus, pampas grass, plume grass, prachtriet, Schilfras, susuki, zebra grass

Synonyms: Eulalia japonica Trin., Miscanthus condensatus Hack., Miscanthus purpurascens Anderss., Miscanthus sinensis f.glaber Honda, Miscanthus sinensis var. condensatus (Hack) Makino, Miscanthus sinensis var. formosanus Hack., Miscanthus sinensis var.gracillimus Hitchc., Miscanthus sinensis var.purpurascens (Anderson) Matsum., Miscanthus sinensis var.variegatus Beal, Miscanthus sinesis var.zebrinus Beal, Saccharum japonicum Thunb., Xiphagrostis condensatus (Hack) W. Wight

59. Molothrus bonariensis (bird)    

Molothrus bonariensis (shiny cowbird) is a brood parasite, relying on a host to incubate its eggs and rear its chicks. It is not host-specific, laying eggs in the nests of other species of birds, some of which will accept and rear the chicks. Molothrus bonariensis has expanded its range in its native South America and West Indies, reaching the North American continent and negatively affecting some threatened bird species that are already at risk due to habitat loss.

Common Names: shiny cowbird, tordo lustroso, tordo renegrido, tordo vaquero, vacher luisant

Synonyms: Molothrus bonariensis subspecies maxillaris Lafresnaye

60. Myiopsitta monachus (bird)

Myipositta monachus (monk parakeets) are popular in the pet trade business. Their distinction as the only nest-building parrot has allowed them to adapt to cold climates and urban areas, thus increasing their range when intentionally or unintentionally released. In Argentina, where Myipositta monachus are native, they are reported to cause one billion dollars worth of crop damage annually. They have, as yet, not significantly harmed any other invaded region.

Common Names: burátpapagáj, catita com?n, caturra-da-argentina, convue veuve, cotorra argentina, grey-breasted parakeet, grey-headed parakeet, matto grasso, mniszka, Mönchssittich, monk parakeet, monniksparikiet, munkkiaratti, munkparakit, papo branco, parrocchetto monaco, perruche-souris, quaker conure, quaker parakeet, quaker parrot

Synonyms: Psittacus monachus (Boddaert, 1783)

61. Myocastor coypus (mammal)

Myocastor coypus (coypu) is a large semi-aquatic rodent which originated from South America. However, due to escapes and releases from fur farms there are now large feral populations in North America, Europe and Asia. Their burrows penetrate and damage river banks, dykes and irrigation facilities. Myocastor coypus' feeding methods lead to the destruction of large areas of reed swamp. Habitat loss caused by coypus impacts plant, insect, bird and fish species.

Common Names: Biberratte, coipù, coypu, nutria, ragondin, ratão-do-banhado, Sumpfbiber

62. Myriophyllum aquaticum (aquatic plant)    

Myriophyllum aquaticum is a bright or glaucous green perennial freshwater herb. It exhibits two different leaf forms depending on whether it is growing as a submerged plant or as an emergent. It is found in freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and canals, and appears to be adapted to high nutrient environments. Myriophyllum aquaticum does well in good light and a slightly alkaline environment. Almost all Myriophyllum aquaticum plants are female, and male plants are unknown outside of South America. Rhizomes function as a support structure for adventitious roots and provide buoyancy for emergent growth during the summer. Myriophyllum aquaticum has been introduced for use in indoor and outdoor aquaria. It is also a popular aquatic garden plant. It has escaped cultivation and spread via plant fragments and intentional plantings. Whilst there is some belief that Myriophyllum aquaticum is susceptible to herbicides, there is very little information available regarding successful management.

Common Names: brazilian watermilfoil, myriophylle du Brésil, parrot feather, parrot feather watermilfoil, parrotfeather, parrot's-feather, pinheirinho-d'água, thread-of-life, waterduisendblaar, water-feather

Synonyms: Enydria aquatica (Vell.), Myriophyllum brasiliense (Camb.), Myriophyllum proserpinacoides (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.)

63. Myriophyllum spicatum (aquatic plant)

Myriophyllum spicatum is a submerged aquatic plant that can rapidly colonise a pond, lake or area of slow-moving water. It creates dense mats of vegetation that shade out other native aquatic plants, diminish habitat and food resource value for fish and birds, and decreases oxygen levels in the water when the plant decays.

Common Names: Eurasian water-milfoil, spike water-milfoil

Synonyms: Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. muricatum Maxim.

64. Nephrolepis cordifolia (fern)

Nephrolepis cordifolia is a plant that grows in many climates, but mainly enjoys subtropical and tropical regions. Nephrolepis cordifolia can be found in gardens and surrounding forests. It spreads very easily by wind blown spores, which is a reason that control is somewhat difficult. Methods of control for Nephrolepis cordifolia are herbicides and the manual removal of whole plants from the ground.

Common Names: boston fern, erect sword fern, fish-bone fern, herring bone fern, ladder fern , lemon butter fern, narrow swordfern, southern sword fern, sword fern, tube ladder fern, tuber sword fern

Synonyms: Aspidium cordifolium (L.)Sw. undated, Aspidium pendulum (Raddi, undated), Aspidium tuberosum Bory ex Willd. Undated, Aspidium volubile (Sm.)F.M.Bailey, undated, Nephrodium pendulum (Raddi)Desv., undated , Nephrodium tuberosum (Bory ex Willd.)Desv, undated, Nephrolepis pendula (Raddi)J.Sm., undated, Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.)Kuhn, undated, Nephrolepis tuberosa (Bory ex Willd.)C.Presl, undated , Polypodium cordifolium L., undated

65. Oncorhynchus mykiss (fish)    

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) are one of the most widely introduced fish species in the world. Native to western North America, from Alaska to the Baja Peninsula, Oncorhynchus mykiss have been introduced to numerous countries for sport and commercial aquaculture. Oncorhynchus mykiss is highly valued as a sportfish, with regular stocking occurring in many locations where wild populations cannot support the pressure from anglers. Concerns have been raised about the effects of introduced trout in some areas, as they may affect native fish and invertebrates through predation and competition.

Common Names: Alabalik, Alabalik türü, Amerikaniki Pestrofa, Aure, Baiser, Baja California rainbow trout, Brown trout, Coast angel trout, Coast rainbow trout, Coast range trout, Dagova pastarva, Forel rajduzhna, Forelle, Hardhead, Kamchatka steelhead, Kamchatka trout, Kamloops, Kamloops trout, Kirjolohi, K'wsech, Lord-fish, Masu, Nijimasu, Orret, Pastrva, Pestropha, pstrag teczowy, Pstrag teczowy , Pstruh duhový, Pstruh dúhový, rainbow trout, Rainbow trout , Redband, redband trout, Regenbogenforelle, Regenbogenforelle , Regenboogforel, Regnbåge, Regnbågslax, Regnbogasilungur, Regnbueørred, Regnbueørret, Salmon trout, Salmones del Pacífico, Silver trout, Stahlkopfforelle, Stålhovedørred, Steelhead, steelhead trout, Steelhead trout , Summer salmon, Sxew'k'em, Trofta ylberi, Trofte ylberi, Trota, Trota iridea, Trucha, trucha arco iris, Trucha arco iris , Trucha arcoiris, truite arc-en-ciel, Truta , Truta-arco-iris, Urriöi

Synonyms: Fario gairdneri (Richardson, 1836), Onchorrhychus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Oncorhynchus kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni (Evermann, 1908), Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo gairdneri irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo gairdneri shasta (Jordan, 1894), Salmo gairdneri (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gairdnerii irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo gairdnerii (Richardson, 1836), Salmo gilberti (Jordan, 1894), Salmo iridea (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo irideus argentatus (Bajkov, 1927), Salmo irideus (Gibbons, 1855), Salmo kamloops whitehousei (Dymond, 1931), Salmo kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Salmo masoni (Suckley, 1860), Salmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Salmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) , Salmo nelsoni (Evermann, 1908), Salmo purpuratus (Pallas, 1814), Salmo rivularis kamloops (Jordan, 1892), Salmo rivularis (Ayres, 1855), Salmo stellatus (Girard, 1856), Salmo truncatus (Suckley, 1859)

66. Onopordum acanthium (herb)

Onopordum acanthium is a herb of the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that is native to Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to temperate climates elsewhere, including much of North America and Australia. In North America, Onopordum acanthium is a weed problem on western rangeland and produces significant economic losses for ranchers. Seeds are dispersed locally by wind, humans, water, livestock, and wildlife are involved in long distance dispersal.

Common Names: cotton thistle, heraldic thistle, Scotch cotton thistle, Scotch thistle, woolly thistle

67. Orconectes virilis (crustacean)

Orconectes virilis (northern crayfish) is closely related to the lobster. Orconectes virilis can be found in lakes, rivers, streams, marshes and ponds, and requires shelter in the form of rocks, logs or thick vegetation in which to hide from predators. Its spread is fostered by its popularity as a food and as baitfish. Orconectes virilis is also spread via the aquarium trade as pets or as food for predaceous fishes.

Common Names: northern crayfish, virile crayfish

68. Oreochromis aureus (fish)

Oreochromis aureus (blue tilapia) is native to parts of Africa and the Middle East and is an important food source throughout the world. Oreochromis aureus are easily raised as they are resilient and prolific and have a high grain-to-feed conversion rate. Worldwide introductions for use in aquaculture have provided an essential source of protein to many nations. However, these characteristics have allowed them to dominate many of their introduced ranges by displacing native species and restructuring aquatic communities in areas where they have established by means of escape from confinement or deliberate release.

Common Names: abiad hasani, amnon hayaor, amnun hayarden, amnun yarden , an-boh boh, biering-pill , blue tilapia, bolti azrak, epia, fartere, gargassa, gargaza, Goldtilapia, guldtilapia, holinga, Ifunu, Israeli tilapia, Israelse tilapia, Jordan St. peter's fish, karpassa, karwa, kpeloi, kultatilapia, kurpertilapia, mpupa, musht lubbad, partere, sale, sayray, sohn-pill, tilapia, tilapia azul, tome, tsokungi, ukuobu, waas, wass khoss, wass xos, wass-bor

Synonyms: Chromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864), Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner, 1864), Tilapia aurea exul (Steindachner, 1864), Tilapia aurea (Steindachner, 1864), Tilapia kacherbi (Wunder, 1960), Tilapia kashabi (Elster, 1958), Tilapia lemassoni (Blache & Milton, 1960), Tilapia monodi (Daget, 1954)

69. Oreochromis mossambicus (fish)    

Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) has spread worldwide through introductions for aquaculture. Established populations of Oreochromis mossambicus in the wild are as a result of intentional release or escapes from fish farms. Oreochromis mossambicus is omnivorous and feeds on almost anything, from algae to insects.

Common Names: blou kurper, common tilapia, fai chau chak ue, Java tilapia, kawasuzume, kurper bream, malea, mojarra, mosambik-maulbrüter, Mozambikskaya tilapiya, Mozambique cichlid, Mozambique mouth-breeder, Mozambique mouthbrooder, Mozambique tilapia, mphende, mujair, nkobue, tilapia, tilapia del Mozambique, tilapia du Mozambique, tilapia mossambica, tilapia mozámbica, trey tilapia khmao, weißkehlbarsch, wu-kuo yu

Synonyms: Chromis dumerilii Steindachner, 1864, Chromis natalensis Weber, 1897, Chromis vorax Pfeffer, 1893, Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters, 1852), Tilapia arnoldi Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917, Tilapia mossambica (Peters, 1852)

70. Oreochromis niloticus (fish)    

Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) is a highly invasive fish that plagues a variety of ecosystems, particularly those located in the tropics. Oreochromis niloticus' effective mouthbrooding reproductive strategy allows it to increase in numbers at a rate which, not only crowds native species, but pollutes and unbalances the water column. Oreochromis niloticus is a frequently farmed aquatic species, due to its relative ease of culture and rapid reproduction rates. Most infestations are a result of aquaculture.

Common Names: chhnoht, chikadai, munruvare, Nile mouthbrooder, Nile tilapia, pla pla, planil, telepia, tilapia, tilapie, trey tilapia, wass

Synonyms: Chromis guentheri (Steindachner, 1864), Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (Trewavas, 1983), Oreochromis niloticus filoa (Trewavas, 1983), Oreochromis niloticus sugutae (Trewavas, 1983), Oreochromis niloticus tana (Seyoum & Kornfield, 1992), Perca nilotica (Linnaeus, 1758), Tilapia calciati (Gianferrari, 1924), Tilapia cancellata Nichols, 1923, Tilapia eduardiana (Boulenger, 1912), Tilapia inducta (Trewavas, 1933), Tilapia nilotica (Uyeno & Fujii, 1984), Tilapia regani (Poll, 1932), Tilapia vulcani (Trewavas 1933)

71. Paederia foetida (vine, climber)

Paederia foetida is an aggressive, competitive vine. It can grow high into the canopy of trees in a variety of habitats. The vines climb over shrubs and trees, weighing them down and impeding regeneration. Paederia foetida also invades pastureland and is troublesome along roads and on power lines. Chemicals are often used as an effective method of controlling Paederia foetida. The seeds of Paederia foetida may be dispersed by birds and are also spread by the transport of rooted fragments. Paederia foetida has also been cultivated as an ornamental.

Common Names: Chinese fever vine, skunk vine , stinkvine

Synonyms: Paederia chinensis Hance, Paederia scandans (Lour.) Merr., Paederia tomentosa Blume

72. Panicum repens (grass)

Panicum repens is a perennial grass that frequently forms dense colonies and has long, creeping rhizomes. It grows in moist, often sandy soils and its rhizomes often extend several feet out into the water. Panicum repens frequently forms dense floating mats that impede water flow in ditches and canals and restrict recreational use of shoreline areas of lakes and ponds. Management of Panicum repens involves the repeated application of herbicides. There is very little physical management that can be used to control Panicum repens, as disturbance encourages its growth.

Common Names: canota, couch panicum , creeping panic , kriechende Hirse, millet rampant , panic rampant , torpedo grass , torpedograss , Victoria grass , wainaku grass

Synonyms: Panicum airoides R. Br. , Panicum aquaticum A. Rich. , Panicum arenarium Brotero , Panicum chromatostigma Pilg. , Panicum convolutum P.Beauv. ex Spreng. , Panicum gouinii (Fourn.), Panicum hycrocharis Steud. , Panicum ischaemoides Retz. , Panicum kinshassense Vanderyst , Panicum leiogonum Delile , Panicum littorale C.Mohr ex Vasey , Panicum nyanzense K.Schum. , Panicum roxburghianum Schult. , Panicum sieberi Link , Panicum tuberosum Llanos , Panicum uliginosum Roxb. ex Roem. & Schult.

73. Paratrechina longicornis (insect)

Paratrechina longicornis (the crazy ant) is a tramp ant, which, by definition, is an ant that is widely dispersed through commerce and other human-assisted avenues. It is extremely easy to identify by observing its rapid and erratic movements. Paratrechina longicornis is highly adaptable to various environments and can be a major pest. It occurs in large numbers in homes or outdoors and is capable of displacing other ants and possibly other invertebrates. Paratrechina longicornis forages over long distances away from its nest, making the nest hard to find and the ants difficult to control.

Common Names: crazy ant , hairy ant , higenaga-ameiro-ari , long-horned ant, slender crazy ant

Synonyms: Formica gracilescens Nylander (1856) , Formica longicornis Latreille (1802) , Formica vagans Jerdon (1851) , Paratrechina currens Motschoulsky (1863) , Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) (1925), Prenolepis (Nylanderia) longicornis Emery (1910) , Prenolepis longicornis Roger (1863) , Tapinoma gracilescens F. Smith (1858)

74. Passer domesticus (bird)    

Passer domesticus (the house sparrow) is a small bird, native to Eurasia and northern Africa, that was intentionally introduced to the Americas. Passer domesticus are non-migratory birds that are often closely associated with human populations and are found in highest abundance in agricultural, suburban and urban areas. They tend to avoid woodlands, forests, grasslands and deserts. Particularly high densities of Passer domesticus were found where urban settlements meet agricultural areas. They may evict native birds from their nests and out-compete them for trophic resources. Early in its invasion of North America, Passer domesticus began attacking ripening grains on farmland and was considered a serious agricultural pest. Recent surveys indicate populations are declining.

Common Names: English sparrow, Europese huismuis, gorrion casero, Gorrion domestico, house sparrow, house sparrow, moineau domestique, town sparrow

75. Paulownia tomentosa (tree)

Paulownia tomentosa is a small to medium sized tree, native to Asia that was introduced to North America as an ornamental but is now also commercially farmed. Paulownia tomentosa grows best on moist, well-drained soils on steep slopes or open valleys, but it can also establish itself readily on poor quality sites, such as abandoned surface mines, along roadways, railways and steep, rocky waterways. Paulownia tomentosa is considered to be an aggressive ornamental tree that grows rapidly in disturbed natural areas.

Common Names: empress tree, foxglove-tree , karritree, kiri, princess tree

76. Pennisetum macrourum (grass)

Pennisetum macrourum (African feather grass) is a 1 to 1.8 metre erect perennial grass native to South Africa. It has been introduced to New Zealand and Australia, where it has established and is known to replace desirable stock grass with grass of low palatability in pastoral areas.

Common Names: African feather grass, African feathergrass, bedding grass, feather grass, fountain grass , kikuyu grass, needle grass, spear grass, waterside reed

Synonyms: Pennisetum angolense Rendle, Pennisetum giganteum A. Rich., Pennisetum quartinianum A. Rich

77. Phyllorhiza punctata (jellyfish)

The jellyfish, Phyllorhiza punctata, has been introduced to North America from the Western Pacific Ocean and is threatening large commercial fisheries by feeding on the eggs and larvae of fish, crab and shrimp; clogging fishing nets; damaging boat intakes and fishing gear; and causing the closure of productive areas to fishing activities.

Common Names: Australian spotted jellyfish, spotted jellyfish, white-spotted jellyfish

Synonyms: Cotylorhiza pacifica Mayer, 1915, Cotylorhizoides pacificus Light, 1921, Mastigias albipunctatus Stiasny, 1920, Mastigias andersoni Stiasny, 1926, Mastigias ocellatus Modeer, 1791, Mastigias scintillae Soares Moreira, 1961

78. Populus alba (tree)

Populus alba is a member of the willow family (Salicaceae) that is native to Eurasia. It is a dioecious species and female mature trees can produce large seed crops. Populus alba spreads to new locations when mature trees release thousands of wind-dispersed seeds that may be carried long distances. It is an especially strong competitor as it can grow in a variety of soils and resprout easily in response to damage. Local spread of male and female trees occurs vegetatively via root suckers.

Common Names: alamo blanco, gattice, gin-doro, hakuyo, peuplier blanc, pioppo bianco, silber-pappel, silver-leaf poplar, urajiro-hako-yanagi, white poplar, xin bai yang

Synonyms: Populus alba L. var. bolleana (Lauche), Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis (Bunge)

79. Potamogeton crispus (aquatic plant)

Potamogeton crispus is an aquatic plant that grows in fresh and slightly brackish waters. It becomes invasive in some areas because of its tolerance to low light and low water temperatures. These tolerances allow it to outcompete native plants in the spring. Using this life cycle, P. crispus can be controlled best in spring or early summer when native species are still dormant and temperatures are low enough for endothal herbicides to be effective.

Common Names: curly pondweed, curly-leaved pondweed

80. Pueraria montana var. lobata (vine, climber)

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata ) roots can comprise over 50% of the plant’s biomass, serving as an organ for carbohydrate storage for recovery after disturbance and making it difficult to control the weed with herbicides. Only in the southeastern United States is kudzu considered a serious pest, however, it is recently established and invasive in Europe in Italy and Switzerland. Impacts of kudzu include loss of productivity of forestry plantations (estimated at about 120 USD per hectare per year) and smothering and killing of native plants.

Common Names: acha, aka, foot-a-night vine, Japanese arrowroot, Ko-hemp, Kopoubohne, kudzu, kudzu común, kudzu vine, Kudzu-Kletterwein, kuzu, nepalem, vigne japonaise, vine-that-ate-the-South, wa yaka

Synonyms: Dolichos hirsutus Thunberg, Dolichos lobatus Willd., Pachyrrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zuccarini, Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) C. Schneider, Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii (Benth.) Maesen, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.), Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth.

81. Pylodictis olivaris (fish)

Pylodictis olivaris is one of the largest members of the catfish family and its introduction is the most biologically harmful of all fish introductions in North America as it predates heavily on native fish. Native to the warm water streams and rivers of the Mississippi River basin, it has been introduced east of the Appalachian Mountains and into several western states. P. olivaris prefers the slow moving water of large rivers and lakes and can be spread by unintentional stock contamination of channel catfish shipments, but in most cases, it has been intentionally stocked.

Common Names: mud cat, opelousas, shovelhead cat, yellow cat

Synonyms: Hopladelus olivaris, Leptops olivaris, Opladelus olivaris, Pelodichthys olivaris, Silurus olivaris

82. Pyrus calleryana (tree)

Native to Asia, Pyrus calleryana is one of the most commonly used ornamental trees in the urban landscape in the United States. Early forms of cultivated Pyrus calleryana were thought to be sterile, however with the presence of two or more cultivars in one location, fruit set is increased for most cultivars. Thought to be a very low invasive threat as recent as the early 1990's, cultivars of Pyrus calleryana are producing viable seed banks at an increasing frequency and now are considered invasive in several states. The extent of the ecological impact of this increasingly invasive species is yet to be seen in the United States, but in general P. calleryana can disrupt the establishment of middle to late successional species in disturbed areas.

Common Names: Callery pear, dou li, mame-nashi

83. Ricinus communis (tree, shrub)    

Ricinus communis is a perennial shrub that can assume tree-like status if it establishes in a suitable climate. It is frequently found invading riparian areas where it displaces native vegetation. The seed of this species is toxic to variety of species including humans. Consuming only a few seeds can be fatal.

Common Names: agaliya, agaliya , belenivavalagi, castor, castor bean, castor-oil-plant , gelug, higuerilla, ka'apeha, kamakou, kasterolieboom, koli, la'au 'aila, lama palagi, lama palagi, lama papalagi, lepo , maskerekur, maskerekur, mbele ni vavalagi, pa'aila , pakarana, pakarani, palma-christi, pititu , ricin, rícino, Rizinus, tiairi , tiairi papa'a, tiairi popa'a, tiarili, toto ni vavalagi, toto ni vavalagi, tuitui, tuitui fua ikiiki , tuitui papa'a, uluchula skoki, uluchula skoki , utouto

Synonyms: Ricinus africanus Willd. , Ricinus angulatus Thunb. , Ricinus armatus Haw. , Ricinus badius Rchb. , Ricinus chinensis Thunb. , Ricinus digitatus Noronha , Ricinus europaeus T.Nees , Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns. , Ricinus hybridus Besser , Ricinus inermis Mill. , Ricinus japonicus Thunb. , Ricinus laevis DC. , Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol. , Ricinus lividus Jacq. , Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol. , Ricinus medicus Forssk. , Ricinus megalospermus Delile , Ricinus minor Mill. , Ricinus nanus Balbis , Ricinus peltatus Noronha , Ricinus purpurascens Bertol. , Ricinus rugosus Mill. , Ricinus sanguineus Groenland , Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris , Ricinus speciosus Burm.f. , Ricinus spectabilis Blume , Ricinus tunisensis Desf. , Ricinus undulatus Besser , Ricinus urens Mill. , Ricinus viridis Willd. , Ricinus vulgaris Mill.

84. Rosa bracteata (shrub)

Rosa bracteata (Macartney rose) is an evergreen perennial shrub, native to Asia, that has been introduced to the United States as an ornamental and used for livestock containment, erosion control, enrichment and cross-breeding rose cultivars. Since its introduction, Rosa bracteata has become invasive throughout the southeastern United States, especially in Texas where it is estimated to inhabit more than 250,000ha. It forms dense thickets and dominates habitats resulting in the reduction of foraging capacity of pastures and grasslands it readily overtakes and the displacement of native species.

Common Names: Chickasaw rose, Fragrant White Climbing Rose, Macartney rose, rose hedge, shuo bao qiang wei

85. Rosa multiflora (shrub)

Rosa multiflora is a perennial shrub that forms dense, impenetrable thickets of vegetation . It colonises roadsides, old fields, pastures, prairies, savannas, open woodlands and forest edges and may also invade dense forests where disturbance provides canopy gaps. It reproduces by seed and by forming new plants that root from the tips of arching canes that contact the ground. Rosa multiflora is tolerant of a wide range of soil and environmental conditions and is thought to be limited by intolerance to extreme cold temperatures. Many species of birds and mammals feed on the hips of Rosa multiflora; dispersing the seeds widely. R. multiflora can colonise gaps in late-successional forests, even though these forests are thought to be relatively resistant to invasion by non-native species. It invades pasture areas, degrades forage quality, reduces grazing area and agricultural productivity and can cause severe eye and skin irritation in cattle. There are many strategies available to manage and control R. multiflora involving physical, chemical and biological means.

Common Names: baby rose, Japanese rose, multiflora rose, seven-sisters rose

Synonyms: Rosa cathayensis (Rehd. & Wilson) Bailey

86. Rubus discolor (vine, climber)

Rubus discolor is a perennial species of blackberry that forms large impenetrable thickets of prickly canes. Thickets can become so dense that native species diversity is reduced through shading out and inaccessibility. Thorny stems block access of humans, livestock, equipment and vehicles to pastures and waterways, and leaf litter accumulations within thickets, creating potential fire hazards.

Common Names: Armenian blackberry, Himalayan blackberry

Synonyms: Rubus armeniacus, Rubus fruticosus L., Rubus grabowskii Weihe ex Gunther et al., Rubus macrostemon (Focke) Sampaio, Rubus praecox Bertol., Rubus procerus auct. non P.J. Muell. ex Genev, Rubus thyrsanthus (Focke) Foerster.

87. Salix cinerea (tree, shrub)

Salix cinerea can be classified as a shrub or small tree. It has become particularly invasive in the Australasian-Pacific region where it is extremely hardy and tolerant of a wide range of soils and habitats, including areas that were previously uninhabited. Salix cinerea will obstruct and divert streams, invading shallow water by the layering of branches and toppling of over-mature, live stems. Displacement of native vegetation occurs with a loss of biodiversity, and reduction in the quantity and quality. The root system can modify banks and streams, eliminating niches for a variety of organisms.

Common Names: asch Weide , graa pil , Grau Weide , gray sallow, gray willow, pussy willow, salice cerognolo , saule cendré , wierzba szara

Synonyms: Salix acuminata Mill., Salix aquatica Sm., Salix cinerea f. tricolor Dippel

88. Salmo trutta (fish)    

Salmo trutta has been introduced around the world for aquaculture and stocked for sport fisheries. It is blamed for reducing native fish populations, especially other salmonids, through predation, displacement and food competition. It is a popular angling fish.

Common Names: an breac geal, aure, bachforelle, blacktail, breac geal, brook trout, brown trout, denizalabaligi, denizalasi, Europäische Forelle, finnock, forelle, galway sea trout, gillaroo, gwyniedyn, havørred, havsöring, herling, hirling, kumzha, k'wsech, lachförch, lachsforelle, lassföhren, losos taimen, losos' taimen, mahiazad-e-daryaye khazar, meerforelle, meritaimen, morska postrv, morskaya forel', orange fin, öring, orkney sea trout, ørred, ørret, pastrav de mare, peal, pstruh morsky, pstruh obecný, pstruh obecný severomorský, pstruh obycajný, salmo trota, salmon trout, sea trout, sewin, siwin, sjøaure, sjøørret, sjourrioi, taimen, thalasopestrofa, troc, troc wedrowna, trota fario, trout, trucha, trucha común, trucha marina, truita, truite brune, truite brune de mer, truite de mer, truite d'europe, truta marisca, truta-de-lago, truta-fário, truta-marisca, urriði, whiting, whitling, zeeforel

Synonyms: Fario argenteus Valenciennes, 1848, Salar ausonii parcepunctata Heckel & Kner, 1858, Salar ausonii semipunctata Heckel & Kner, 1858, Salar ausonii Valenciennes, 1848, Salar bailloni Valenciennes, 1848, Salar gaimardi Valenciennes, 1848, Salar spectabilis Valenciennes, 1848, Salmo albus Bonnaterre, 1788, Salmo albus Walbaum, 1792, Salmo brachypoma Günther, 1866, Salmo caecifer Parnell, 1838, Salmo cambricus Donovan, 1806, Salmo caspius Kessler, 1877, Salmo cornubiensis Walbaum, 1792, Salmo cumberland Lacepède, 1803, Salmo eriox Linnaeus, 1758, Salmo fario loensis Walbaum, 1792, Salmo fario major Walecki, 1863, Salmo gadoides Lacepède, 1803, Salmo gallivensis Günther, 1866, Salmo islayensis Thomson, 1873, Salmo lacustris septentrionalis Fatio, 1890, Salmo levenensis Yarrell, 1839, Salmo mistops Günther, 1866 , Salmo montana Walker, 1812, Salmo orcadensis Günther, 1866, Salmo orientalis McClelland, 1842, Salmo phinoc Shaw, 1804, Salmo polyosteus Günther, 1866, Salmo saxatilis Paula Schrank, 1798, Salmo spurius Pallas, 1814, Salmo stroemii Gmelin, 1788, Salmo sylvaticus Gmelin, 1788, Salmo taurinus Walker, 1812, Salmo trutta abanticus Tortonese, 1954, Salmo trutta ciscaucasicus Dorofeyeva, 1967, Salmo trutta ezenami (non Berg, 1948), Salmo trutta trutta Linnaeus, 1761, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1759, Trutta fluviatilis Duhamel, 1771, Trutta marina Duhamel, 1771, Trutta marina Moreau, 1881, Trutta salmanata Ström, 1784, Trutta salmonata Rutty, 1772

89. Salvinia minima (aquatic plant, fern)

Salvinia minima is a floating aquatic fern that invades a variety of aquatic habitats with salinity levels as high as 4-7ppt. Salvinia minima experiences exponential growth that allows it to completely cover waterways impeding traffic, blocking sunlight, decreasing oxygen levels and degrading habitat for native species of wildlife.

Common Names: Common Salvinia , floating fern, water spangles

Synonyms: Salvinia rotundifolia

90. Salvinia molesta (aquatic plant, herb)    

Salvinia molesta is a floating aquatic fern that thrives in slow-moving, nutrient-rich, warm, freshwater. A rapidly growing competitive plant, it is dispersed long distances within a waterbody (via water currents) and between waterbodies (via animals and contaminated equipment, boats or vehicles). Salvinia molesta is cultivated by aquarium or pond owners and it is sometimes released by flooding, or by intentional dumping. Salvinia molesta may form dense vegetation mats that reduce water-flow and lower the light and oxygen levels in the water. This stagnant dark environment negatively affects the biodiversity and abundance of freshwater species, including fish and submerged aquatic plants. Salvinia molesta can alter wetland ecosystems and cause wetland loss and also poses a severe threat to socio-economic activities dependent on open, flowing and/or high quality waterbodies, including hydro-electricity generation, fishing and boat transport.

Common Names: African payal , African pyle, aquarium watermoss, fougère d’eau, giant salvinia , giant salvinia , kariba weed , koi kandy, salvinia, water fern , water spangles

Synonyms: Salvinia auriculata Aubl.

91. Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum (fungus)

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum is the cause of butternut canker, which is a lethal stem disease. It causes multiple cankers on the main stem, branches and twigs of butternut, Juglans cinerea. Cankers commonly occur at the base of trees and on exposed buttress roots and can survive and sporulate on dead trees for many years. The fungus may be threatening the viability of butternut as a species.

Common Names: butternut canker

92. Solanum sisymbriifolium (herb)

Solanum sisymbriifolium is a viscid, hairy herb native to South America that is currently distributed throughout the world. It is valued for its many uses, which include its use as a trap crop for potato cyst nematodes, and the use of its fruit as both a source of solasodine (used to synthsise hormones) and as a food for birds and humans. However, it acts as an invasive weed in some parts of its range by out-competing local vegetation. Biological control methods for Solanum sisymbriifolium have been determined and applied in some regions.

Common Names: alco-Chileo, arrabenta cavalo, dense-thorn bitter apple, doringtamatie, espina colorada, fire and ice plant, jeweelie, joão bravo, jua das queimadas, jua de roca, klebriger nachtschatten, litchi tomato, liuskakoiso, manacader, morelle de balbis, mullaca espinudo, ocote mullaca, pilkalapis baklazanas, puca-puca, raukenblatt-nachtschatten, red buffalo-burr, revienta caballo, sticky nightshade, tomatillo, tutia, tutia o Espina Colorada, uvilla, viscid nightshade, wild tomato, wildetamatie

Synonyms: Solanum balbisii Dunal., Solanum balbisii var. bipinnata Hook., Solanum balbisii var. oligospermum Sendtn., Solanum balbisii var. purpureum Hook., Solanum bipinnatifidum Larrañaga., Solanum brancaefolium Jacq., Solanum decurrens Balb., Solanum edule Vell., Solanum formosum Weinm., Solanum inflatum Hornem., Solanum mauritianum Willd., Solanum opuliflorum Port., Solanum rogersii S.Moore., Solanum sabeanum Buckley., Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam., Solanum sisymbriifolium purpureiflorum Dunal., Solanum sisymbriifolium forma albiflorum Kuntze., Solanum sisymbriifolium forma lilacinum Kuntze., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. bipinnatipartitum Dunal., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. brevilobum Dunal., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. gracile Mattos., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. heracleifolium Sendtn., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. macrocarpum Kuntze., Solanum sisymbriifolium var. oligospermum, Solanum subviscidum Schrank, Denkschr., Solanum thouinii C.C. Gmel., Solanum viscidum Schweigg., Solanum viscosum Lag., Solanum xanthacanthum Willd.

93. Solanum viarum (shrub)

Solanum viarum is an aggressive perennial shrub native to Brazil and Argentina, that has been introduced to other parts of South America, North America, Africa and Asia. The primary means of dispersal seems to be by livestock (cattle) and wildlife, such as raccoons, deer, feral hogs and birds that feed on its fruits. Intra- and inter- county and state movement of livestock that have recently fed on Solanum viarum may be the primary vector for its spread. However, contaminated hay, seeds and bags of manure for composting also serve as a means for its dispersal.

Common Names: juá, juá-bravo, tropical soda apple

94. Solenopsis invicta (insect)

Solenopsis invicta is an aggressive generalist forager ant that occurs in high densities and can thus dominate most potential food sources. They breed and spread rapidly and, if disturbed, can relocate quickly so as to ensure survival of the colony. Their stinging ability allows them to subdue prey and repel even larger vertebrate competitors from resources.

Common Names: fourmi de feu, red imported fire ant (RIFA), rote importierte Feuerameise

Synonyms: Solenopsis saevissima var. wagneri (Santschi), Solenopsis wagneri (Santschi)

95. Solenopsis richteri (insect)

Solenopsis richteri, commonly known as the black imported fire ant, is native to South America. It builds large mounds that can reach 46cm in height. Solenopsis richteri damages crops, impedes recreational activities and can undermine roads and asphalt. It is also very dangerous to those who experience anaphylaxis from the venom of its bite. Eradication of Solenopsis richteri is not an option. It can be controlled but this is an ongoing process..

Common Names: black imported fire ant

Synonyms: Solenopsis pylades var. richteri Forel, Solenopsis pylades var. tricuspis Forel, Solenopsis saevissima st. oblongiceps Santschi

96. Sonchus asper

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Sonchus asper is a noxious weed. It is present on some Sub-Antarctic islands including Gough Island, Auckland Islands and Campbell Island. Its ecological impacts are being studied.

Common Names: perennial sowthistle, prickly sow thistle, prickly sowthistle , prickly sow-thistle, spiny sowthistle, spiny-leaf sow-thistle

Synonyms: Sonchus asper (L.) Hill ssp. asper, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill ssp. glaucescens (Jord.) J. Ball, Sonchus asper Linn., Sonchus nymanii Tineo & Guss.

97. Sonchus oleraceus

         Interim profile, incomplete information

Common Names: annual sowthistle, common sowthistle, common sow-thistle, pualele, sow thistle, sow-thistle

98. Sorghum halepense (grass)    

Sorghum halepense is an extremely invasive noxious weed with a worldwide distribution. High seed production and an extensive rhizomal system makes it difficult to eradicate. This species has a number of detrimental effects including: toxicity to grazing stock, fire risk during summer and competitive exclusion of other plants. It reduces soil fertility, acts as a host for crop pathogens and is a known allergen.

Common Names: Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass, cañuela, Don Carlos, grama China, gumai, herbe de Cuba, Johnson grass, Johnsongrass, kola, sorgho, sorgho d'Alep, sorgo de Alepo, yerba Johnson, zacate Johnson

Synonyms: Andropogon arundinaceus Scop. 1772, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. 1804, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. anatherus Piper 1915, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. genuinus Stapf ex Hook. f. 1896, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. muticus (Hack.) Asch & Graebn. 1915, Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. typicus Asch & Graebn. 1898, Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. ssp. halepensis (L.) Hack 1889, Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. subvar. genuinus Hack 1889, Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. subvar. leiostachys Hack 1889, Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. subvar. muticus Hack 1889, Blumenbachia halepensis (L.) Koeler 1802, Holcus halepensis L. 1753, Milium halepense (L.) Cav. 1802, Sorghum almum Parodi 1943, Sorghum almum Parodi var. typicum Parodi 1943, Sorghum controversum, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. var. muticum (Hack.) Grossh. 1928, Sorghum miliaceum (Roxb.) Snowden, Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench var. halepense (L.) Kuntze 1891

99. Tilapia zillii (fish)

In its native, tropical range, Tilapia zillii is important as a food fish as well as for aquaculture. Tilapia zillii provided 70% of Egypt's fish production, however outside its native range, this freshwater fish has the ability to establish itself even in highly salinated waters, only being held back by a low tolerance to cold water. Often introduced for use in aquatic weed control, Tilapia zilli can alter native benthic communities through the elimination of macrophytes and exhibits aggressive behaviour towards other fish species.

Common Names: akpadi sila, akpasila, amnun matzui, a-sannoh, bere, biare, biering, bugu, bulti, cichlid, didee, disiwulen, Engege, Epia, Erihere, falga, garagaza, gargaza, gba gba ferah, gbatchekede, guring, ifunu, isiswe, karfasa, karwa, ka-yainkain, kido, kokine, kpro ibre, kuda, loroto, mango fish, mojarra, mojarrita, mpupa, ngege, ngipie, ngorkei, njabb, obrouyou, pastenague boulee, perege, punavatsatilapia, redbelly tilapia, sato, sili, silla, sohn, striped tilapia, tegr-pere, tha thompo, tihil, tilapia, tome, tsokungi, ukuobu, waas, waas gnoul, wesafun, Zilles Buntbarsch, zilli's cichlid, zill's tilapia

Synonyms: Acerina zilli (Gervais, 1848), Chromis andreae (Gunther, 1864), Chromis coeruleomaculatus (Rochebrune, 1880), Chromis faidherbii (Rochebrune, 1880), Chromis melanopleura (Dumeril, 1861), Chromis menzalensis (Mitchell, 1895), Chromis tristrami (Gunther, 1860), Chromis zillii (Gervais, 1848), Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848), Coptodus zillii (Gervais, 1848), Glyphisidon zillii (Gervais, 1848), Haligenes tristrami (Gunther, 1860), Sarotherodon zillei (Gervais, 1848), Sarotherodon zillii (Gervais, 1848), Tilapia faidherbi (Rochebrune, 1880), Tilapia melanopleura (Dumeril, 1861), Tilapia menzalensis (Mitchell, 1895), Tilapia multiradiata (Holly, 1928), Tilapia shariensis (Fowler, 1949), Tilapia sparrmani multiradiata (Holly, 1928), Tilapia tristrami (Gunther, 1860)

100. Tradescantia fluminensis (herb)

Tradescantia fluminensis is endemic to the tropical rainforests of south east Brazil and has naturalised in New Zealand, south-eastern Australia, Portugal, Italy, Russia, Japan and the south-eastern USA. Tradescantia fluminensis is a persistent invasive weed of natural areas where it carpets the ground and prevents native regeneration. It alters litter decomposition, nutrient cycling and the successional trajectory of New Zealand lowland podocarp-broadleaf forests and probably native vegetation elsewhere. Tradescantia fluminensis propagates and spreads easily from fragments.

Common Names: nohakata karakusa, small-leaf spiderwort, spiderwort, Vandrande Jude, wandering creeper, wandering Jew, wandering Willie, white flowered wandering Jew

Synonyms: Tradescantia albiflora (Kunth)

101. Tussilago farfara (herb)

Tussilago farfara is a perennial herb which spreads mainly through underground rhizomes. During the summer, food is stored in the rhizomes for the following year's early spring growth. Tussilago farfara thrives on gravelly soil and along roadsides. There are management strategies available to combat Tussilago farfara, but if left unchecked it can take over an entire field. It is best to stop Tussilago farfara before it spreads as controlling it once it has become established is difficult. It is believed that Tussilago farfara has some medical benefits.

Common Names: assfoot, British tobacco, bull's-foot, clayweed, cleats, colt-herb, coltsfoot, coughwort, dove-dock, dummyweed, Foalfoot, ginger, gingerroot, gowan, hoofs, horsefoot, horsehoof, kuan dong, pas- d'âne, sowfoot, tussilage , tussilage pas-d'âne

102. Urochloa maxima (grass)    

Although Urochloa maxima is the accepted name for this species, it is still widely known as Panicum maximum. Urochloa maxima is a native of tropical Africa where it occurs from sea level to 1,800m. It is used as a forage grass and its ability to tolerate a wide range of habitats make it a very productive species. Urochloa maxima has become prevalent in Samoa and Tonga and it is a problem species in Guam and Hawaii. Although it is a favourable grass in many areas it can also form dense stands and displace native species.

Common Names: buffalograss, capime guiné, fataque, green panic, Guinea grass, herbe de Guinéa, panic élevé, saafa, talapi, tinikarati, vao Kini, vao Kini, yerba de Guinea, zacate Guinea

Synonyms: Panicum gongylodes Jacq., Panicum hirsutissimum Steud., Panicum jumentorum Pers., Panicum laeve Lam., Panicum maximum Jacq., Panicum maximum var. coloratum C.T. White, Panicum maximum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) Döll, Panicum maximum var. maximum, Panicum maximum var. pubiglume K. Schum., Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Robyns, Panicum polygamum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) E. Fourn., Panicum trichocondylum Steud., Urochloa maxima var. trichoglumis (Robyns) R.D. Webster

103. Verbascum thapsus (herb)

Verbascum thapsus is an erect herb in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is found in neglected meadows and pasture lands, along fencerows and roadsides. It can produce 100,000-180,000 seeds per individual plant and seeds may remain viable for over 100 years. Verbascum thapsus threatens natural meadows and forest openings, where it adapts easily to a wide variety of site conditions and an established population can be extremely difficult to eradicate. Verbascum thapsus was once used as a herbal remedy for bronchitis, colds and congestion.

Common Names: Aaron's-rod , barbasco, big taper , bouillon blanc, common mullein , flannel mullein , flannel plant , flannelleaf , gordolobo comun, great mullein , guardalobo, hag taper , molène, mullein , torches , velvet dock , velvet plant , verbasco, woolly mullein

104. Verbena brasiliensis (herb)

Verbena brasiliensis is a herb native to South America that is planted as an ornamental in much of the world. It displaces native vegetation through most of its non-native range and is considered invasive. Management for Verbena brasiliensis includes avoiding its introduction into new areas and using herbicide where necessary.

Common Names: Brazilian vervain, gin case

Synonyms: Verbena approzimata Briq, Verbena bonariensis auct. non L., Verbena litoralis var. brasiliensis Vell., Verbena litoralis var. pycnostachya Schauer, Verbena quadrangularis Vell.

105. Verbena rigida (herb)

Common Names: creeping verbena, purple verbena, rigid verbena, sandpaper verbena, stiff verbena, tuberous vervain, veined verbena

Synonyms: Verbena bonariensis L. forma robustior Chodot, Verbena bonariensis L. forma venosa (Gillies & Hook.) Chodat, Verbena bonariensis L. forma venosa (Gillies & Hook.) Voss, Verbena bonariensis L. var. rigida (Spreng.) Kuntze, Verbena doniana Steud., Verbena rigida forma obovata Hayek, Verbena rigida Spreng. forma paraguayensis Moldenke, Verbena rigida Spreng. var. alba Moldenke , Verbena rigida Spreng. var. glandulosa Moldenke, Verbena rigida Spreng. var. lilacina (Harrow) Moldenke, Verbena rigida Spreng. var. reineckii (Briq.) Moldenke, Verbena rigida var. obovata, Verbena rugosa D.Don, Verbena scaberrima Cham., Verbena venosa Gillies & Hook

106. Vinca major (herb)

Vinca major is introduced to new locations usually as an ornamental or medicinal herb. It spreads locally from dumped garden waste, plant fragments carried downstream and as a garden escape along shady corridors. It grows most vigorously in moist shady areas in forests, along streams and urban areas. Once established the herb competes with native vegetation by smothering all native groundcover vegetation and preventing the regeneration of trees and shrubs. Vinca major is a serious threat to the understorey of forested areas and streamside vegetation.

Common Names: bigleaf periwinkle, blue periwinkle, greater periwinkle, large periwinkle, periwinkle

Synonyms: Vinca major L. var. variegata Loud.

107. Vitex rotundifolia (shrub)

Vitex rotundifolia, also commonly known as beach vitex, is a perennial woody shrub of coastal sand dunes of Asia and the Pacific islands. It has been introduced into the United States where it is an invasive exotic plant. Vitex rotundifolia has a strong impact on the native flora and fauna along the United States Carolina coast, shading native plants and disrupting nesting sites for sea turtles. Active community involvement and strategic mapping and eradication efforts are underway to limit the extent and impact that this exotic species has on the coasts of the Carolinas and prevent it from spreading into a wider geographical range.

Common Names: beach vitex, chasteberry, cloister pepper, dan ye man jing, hamago, hinahina kolo, kolokolo kahakai, man hyung ja, manawanawa, mawanawana, monk's pepper, pohinahina, polinalina, roundleaf chastetree, single-leaf chaste tree

Synonyms: Vitex agnus-castus var. ovata (Thunb.) Makino, Vitex ovata (Thunb.), Vitex repens Blanco, Vitex trifolia subsp. litoralis Steenis, Vitex trifolia var. obovata Bentham, Vitex trifolia var. ovata (Thunb.) Makino, Vitex trifolia var. ovata (Thunb.) Merrill, Vitex trifolia var. repens Ridley, Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia (Cham.), Vitex trifolia var. unifoliata Schauer

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Biostatus not specified

1. Canna indica (herb)    

Canna indica is a native of tropical America and is a very popular ornamental plant throughout the tropical world. This plant has become an invasive in Pitcairn and in New Zealand, where it grows in thickets, crowding out other plants. It is spread by rhizomes making it difficult to remove.

Common Names: achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga , fagamanu, Fanamanu, gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-les-mois

Synonyms: Canna edulis Ker-Gawl., Canna achiras Gillies, Canna aurantiaca Roscoe, Canna aureovittata Lodd., Canna barbadica Bouché, Canna bidentata Bertol., Canna bifida Schult., Canna carnea Roscoe, Canna cearensis Huber, Canna chinensis Willd., Canna cinnabarina Bouché, Canna coccinea Link, Canna coccinea Mill., Canna coccinea Mill. var. bicolor Kraenzl, Canna coccinea Mill. var. sylvestris (Roscoe) Regel, Canna commutata Bouché, Canna compacta Bouché, Canna compacta Roscoe, Canna crocea Lag. ex Rchb., Canna crocea Roem. & Schult., Canna densifolia Bouché, Canna discolor Lindl., Canna edulis KerGawl., Canna ehrenbergii Bouché, Canna ellipticifolia Stokes, Canna esculenta Lodd. ex Loudon, Canna exigua Bouché, Canna flavescens Link, Canna floribunda Bouché, Canna formosa Bouché, Canna fulgida Bouche, Canna fulgida Bouché, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché  var. xalapensis (Bouché) Kraenzl, Canna heliconiifolia Bouché, Canna humilis Bouché, Canna indica L. var. speciosa (Roscoe) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. coccinea (Mill.) Aiton, Canna indica L. var. edwarsii Regel, Canna indica L. var. limbata (Roscoe) Petersen, Canna indica L. var. maculata Hook., Canna indica L. var. nepalensis (Bouché) Hook.f., Canna indica L. var. patens Aiton, Canna indica L. var. rubra Aiton, Canna laeta Bouché, Canna lagunensis Lindl., Canna lambertii Lindl., Canna lanuginosa Roscoe, Canna leptochila Bouché, Canna limbata Roscoe, Canna lutea Mill., Canna lutea Mill. var. aurantiaca (Roscoe) Regel, Canna lutea Mill. var. genuina Kraenzl., Canna lutea Mill. var. pallida (Roscoe) Regel

2. Molothrus ater (bird)

Molothrus ater is a small blackbird that can be found in almost every habitat, open woodlands, fields and marginal habitats in between. It is commonly associated with agriculture (cattle pastures, feed lots) and is migratory, spending time year-round in the southern United States, but occurring only during the breeding season in the northern and mountainous regions of the United States. Molothrus ater has undergone a rapid range expansion with habitat alterations, due to forest clearing, domestic cattle grazing, urbanisation and conversion of forested habitats to agricultural land.

Common Names: brown-headed cowbird, buffalo bird, cowbird

3. Phalaris arundinacea (grass)

Phalaris arundinacea is a cool-season perennial grass that grows successfully in northern latitudes and can be invasive in wet habitats. Since it is tolerant of freezing temperatures and begins to grow very early in the spring, it can outcompete many other species. Any moist, fertile habitat provides good conditions for Phalaris arundinacea. It is considered a serious threat in wet meadows, wetlands, marshes, fens, old fields, floodplains, wet prairies, roadsides and ditchbanks. The invasion is promoted by disturbances, such as ditching of wetlands, stream channels, deforestation of swamp forests, sedimentation, overgrazing and intentional planting. Phalaris arundinacea tolerates frequent and prolonged flooding as well as submergence. It is moderately tolerant of drought and saline or alkaline soils. Phalaris arundinacea spreads within sites by creeping rhizomes and forms dense and impenetrable mats of vegetation. New sites are colonised by seeds. Phalaris arundinacea tolerates a small amount of shade, such as forest edges but not closed forest interiors.

Common Names: alpiste roseau, caniço-malhado, gardener's-garters, hierba cinta, kusa-yoshi, pasto cinto, reed Canary grass, ribbon grass, Rohrglanzgras, variegated grass

Synonyms: Phalaris arundinacea f. variegata (Parn.) Druce, Phalaris arundinacea L. var. picta L., Phalaris japonica Steud., Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Raeusch., Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Raeusch. var. picta (L.) Tzvelev

4. West Nile Virus (micro-organism)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus native to Africa, Europe, and Western Asia. WNV is mostly transmitted by Culex mosquitoes in a cycle involving birds as amplifying hosts. However infected mosquitoes can also transmit the virus to other animals and humans. Most animals are “dead-end” hosts and do not contribute to virus spread or evolution in nature, because infection in non-avian species results in low virus levels that is insufficient for infection of mosquitoes.
Since its introduction into the United States in the New York City area in 1999 WNV has continued to expand its range across the United States and into Canada, Mexico and Central and South America. WNV causes severe disease humans, horses and other vertebrates. Most people infected with West Nile virus have only mild illness. However the virus can also cause severe neuroinvasive diseases, often leading to death. No specific medication exists to treat West Nile virus infection, and there is currently no vaccine available for humans. Control measures focus on reducing mosquito breeding habitat: standing water in urban areas, agricultural areas, and wetlands.

Common Names: West Nile virus

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Native Species

1. Anopheles quadrimaculatus (insect)

A. quadrimaculatus a mosquito is the chief vector of malaria in North America. This species prefers habitats with well-developed beds of submergent, floating leaf or emergent aquatic vegetation. Larvae are typically found in sites with abundant rooted aquatic vegetation, such as rice fields and adjacent irrigation ditches, freshwater marshes and the vegetated margins of lakes, ponds and reservoirs.

Common Names: common malaria mosquito, Gabelmücke

Synonyms: Anopheles annulimanus Wulp, 1867

2. Branta canadensis (bird)

Branta canadensis, Canada geese are very adaptable. They can live in a broad range of habitats, which includes cohabitation with humans. In addition, Canada geese are highly fecund and lacking in amount of predators. Population growth of this species over the past years has caused problems in many different areas including environmental, aesthetic, and human health. Canada geese can either be migratory or resident, which enables them to occupy a large geographical range. This species has created issues not only in areas where it has been introduced, but also in its native locations due to the population explosion of the species. Although this species has created problems, it also has been of economic use as well as being, at times, an enjoyable aspect of wildlife.

Common Names: Bernache Du Canada, Branta kanadarra, Canada goose, Ganso Canadiense, Ganso do Canadá, Oca del Canadá

Synonyms: Anas canadensis Linnaeus, 1758, Branta canadensis interior Todd, 1938, Branta canadensis maxima Delacour, 1951, Branta canadensis moffitti Aldrich, 1946 , Branta canadensis parvipes Cassin, 1852

3. Cabomba caroliniana (aquatic plant)

Cabomba caroliniana is a submerged perennial aquarium plant that grows in stagnant to slow flowing freshwater. It spreads primarily by stem fragments and forms dense stands that crowd out well-established plants. C. caroliniana may clog ecologically, recreationally or economically important water bodies and drainage canals. Depending on its location (ie: drinking water supply or small closed water body) it may be managed by a number of control techniques including mechanical removal (being careful not to spread fragments to new locations) and habitat modification to increase shading (via planting trees) or decrease hydration (via draining).

Common Names: cabomba, Carolina fanwort, Carolina water-shield, fanwort, fish-grass, Washington-grass, Washington-plant

4. Gemma gemma (mollusc)

Gemma gemma, commonly known as the gem clam or amethyst gem clam, is a small benthic organism found in marine, brackish and freshwater environments along the Atlantic coast. The gem clam has been introduced to the California and Washington coasts of the United States. It is not competively aggressive against native populations and has minimal impact, but is oppurtunistic. An extraneous factor, such as increased predation on native fauna, will allow it to competively increase its population.

Common Names: Amethyst gem clam, Gem clam

Synonyms: Cyrena purpurea (Lea, 1842), Gemma fretensis (Rehder, 1939), Gemma totteni (Simpson, 1860), Parastarte concentica (Dall, 1889), Totteniana gemma (Totten, 1834), Venus gemma (Totten, 1834), Venus manhattensis (Jay, 1852)

5. Homalodisca vitripennis (insect)    

The introduction of Homalodisca vitripennis (glassy-winged sharp shooter) is a major threat to the grape industry as it is an efficient vector for Pierce's disease, a strand strain of Xylella fastidiosa. Homalodisca vitripennis feed voraciously on the xylem tissue of plants but do not damage the plant in any way physically. They lay their eggs inconspicuously below the epidermis of plant leaves. This has allowed them to spread to new locations through the nursery trade at an alarming rate.

Common Names: cicadelle pisseuse, glassy-winged sharp shooter

6. Lithobates catesbeianus (=Rana catesbeiana) (amphibian)

The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus (=Rana catesbeiana)) is native to North America. It has been introduced all over the world to over 40 countries and four continents. Many introductions have been intentional with the purpose of establishing new food sources for human consumption. Other populations have been established from unintentional escapes from bullfrog farms. Consequences of the introduction of non-native amphibians to native herpetofauna can be severe. The American bullfrog has been held responsible for outbreaks of the chytrid fungus found to be responsible for declining amphibian populations in Central America and elsewhere. They are also important predators and competitors of endangered native amphibians and fish. The control of this invasive in Europe partly relies upon increasing awareness, monitoring and education about the dangers of releasing pets into the wild. Strict laws are also in place to prevent further introductions. Eradication is achieved largely by physical means including shooting, spears/gigs, bow and arrow, nets and traps.

Common Names: bullfrog, grenouille taureau, North American bullfrog, Ochsenfrosch, rana toro, Stierkikker

Synonyms: Rana catesbiana Shaw, 1802

7. Nymphaea odorata (aquatic plant)

Nymphaea odorata is an aquatic plant with floating leaves that can thrive in a variety of aquatic habitats and tolerates variable environmental conditions. It forms dense floating mats of vegetation that prevent light from penetrating through the surface. Distributions of phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic insects and fish populations are altered. Nymphaea odorata can also restrict waterfront access and eliminate swimming opportunities.

Common Names: American waterlily, American white waterlily, fragrant waterlily, white waterlily

Synonyms: Castalia lekophylla Small, Castalia minor (Sims) Nyar, Castalia minor (Sims) DC. ex Small , Castalia odorata (Ait.) Wood, Castalia odorata (Aiton) Woodv. & Wood forma rosea (Pursh) Britton , Castalia odorata (Aiton) Woodv. & Wood var. gigantea (Tricker) Fernald , Castalia odorata (Aiton) Woodv. & Wood var. minor (Sims) G.Lawson , Castalia pudica Salisb. , Castalia reniformis (Walter) Trel. ex Branner & Coville , Castalia reniformis DC., Cyamus reniformis (Walter) Pursh , Leuconymphaea odorata (Aiton) MacMill. , Leuconymphaea parkeriana (Lehm.) Kuntze , Leuconymphaea reniformis (Walter) Kuntze , Nelumbo reniformis (Walter) Willd. , Nuphar lekophylla (Small) Cory , Nymphaea alba L. var. canadensis Graham , Nymphaea lekophylla (Small) Cory , Nymphaea maculata Raf. , Nymphaea minor (Sims) DC., Nymphaea odorata Aiton forma rubra (Guillon) Conard , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. chlorhiza Raf. , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. glabra Casp. , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. parviflora Raf. , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. rubella Raf. , Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. rubra Guillon , Nymphaea odorata var. gigantea Tricker, Nymphaea odorata var. godfreyi Ward, Nymphaea odorata var. minor Sims, Nymphaea odorata var. rosea Pursh, Nymphaea odorata var. stenopetala Fern., Nymphaea odorata var. villosa Caspary, Nymphaea parkeriana Lehm. , Nymphaea reniformis Walter , Nymphaea rosea Raf. , Nymphaea spiralis Raf.

8. Phragmites australis (grass)

Phragmites australis grows on level ground in tidal and non-tidal marshes, lakes, swales and backwater areas of rivers and streams. It is found on sites that are seasonally flooded with not more than 50cm of water. It grows on most soil textures from fine clay to sandy loams and is somewhat tolerant of saline or alkaline conditions. Phragmites australis is especially common along railroad tracks, roadside ditches and piles of dredge spoil, wherever slight depressions will hold water. Throughout most of its range, it typically forms closed mono-dominant stands in both disturbed and pristine areas. It is capable of vigorous vegetative reproduction and its seeds, which are normally dispersed by wind, may be transported by birds that nest among the reeds. The seeds are also dispersed by water. Newly opened sites may be colonised by seed or by rhizome fragments carried to the area in soils and on machinery or naturally in floodwaters. Invasion and continued spread is aided by disturbances or stresses such as pollution, alteration of the natural hydrologic regime, dredging and increased sedimentation. In coastal marshes, spread of Phragmites australis is also facilitated by natural disturbance caused by tidal movements of dead vegetation.

Common Names: cane, caniço, carrizo común, common reed, ditch reed, giant reed, giant reedgrass, phragmites, reed grass, roseau, roseau cane, roseau commun, Schilf, schilfrohr, yellow cane

Synonyms: Arundo aggerum Kittel, Arundo altissima Benth., Arundo australis Cav., Arundo barbata Burchell, Arundo graeca Link, Arundo isiaca Delile, Arundo karka Retz., Arundo maxima Forssk., Arundo palustris Salisb., Arundo phragmites L., Arundo phragmites L. var. humilis (DeNot.) Asch. & Graebn., Arundo phragmites L. var. isiaca Griseb., Arundo vallatoria Gray, Arundo vulgaris Lam., Calamagrostis nigricans Merat, Cynodon phragmites (L.) Raspail, Czernya arundinacea C.Presl, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. altissimus (Benth.) Clayton, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) C.F.Reed, Phragmites berlandieri E.Fourn., Phragmites communis Trin., Phragmites communis Trin. forma flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma isiacus (Griseb.) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. forma nigricans (Merat) Alef., Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) A.Löve & D.Löve, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. isiacus (Griseb.) Oppenh. & Evenari, Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Clayton, Phragmites communis Trin. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Fernald, Phragmites communis Trin. var. flavescens Custor ex Gaudin, Phragmites communis Trin. var. humilis (DeNot.) Parl., Phragmites communis Trin. var. isiacus (Griseb.) Coss., Phragmites communis Trin. var. vulgaris Boenn., Phragmites flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Hegetschw. & Heer, Phragmites humilis DeNot., Phragmites isiacus Kunth, Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov. var. berlandieri (E.Fourn.) Moldenke, Phragmites nakaiana Honda, Phragmites phragmites (L.) H.Karst., Phragmites vulgaris Crep., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Chiov., Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. humilis (DeNot.) Brand, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. isiacus (Griseb.) T.Durand & Schinz, Phragmites vulgaris Crep. var. typicus Beck, Phragmites vulnerans Asch., Reimaria diffusa Spreng., Trichoon karka (Retz.) Roth, Trichoon phragmites (L.) Rendle, Xenochloa arundinacea Lichtenstein ex Roem. & Schult.

9. Procambarus clarkii (crustacean)

Procambarus clarkii is a hardy warm water freshwater crayfish that is typically found in marshes, rivers, slow flowing water, reservoirs, irrigation systems, and rice fields. It may become a keystone species, affecting many components of the ecosystem inhabits and altering the nature of native plant and animal communities. It is an aggressive competitor with native crayfish, and its burrowing behaviour may cause significant agricultural problems. Management strategies include prohibiting the transport of live crayfish, restocking habitats with native crayfish, and improving public education about the risks alien crayfish pose to the environment. Encouraging farming of native species as well as research into managing, economically productive harvests of native crayfish has the potential to reduce the numbers of alien crayfish imported and farmed.

Common Names: Louisiana crayfish, red swamp crayfish

10. Pylodictis olivaris (fish)

Pylodictis olivaris is one of the largest members of the catfish family and its introduction is the most biologically harmful of all fish introductions in North America as it predates heavily on native fish. Native to the warm water streams and rivers of the Mississippi River basin, it has been introduced east of the Appalachian Mountains and into several western states. P. olivaris prefers the slow moving water of large rivers and lakes and can be spread by unintentional stock contamination of channel catfish shipments, but in most cases, it has been intentionally stocked.

Common Names: mud cat, opelousas, shovelhead cat, yellow cat

Synonyms: Hopladelus olivaris, Leptops olivaris, Opladelus olivaris, Pelodichthys olivaris, Silurus olivaris

11. Robinia pseudoacacia (tree)    

Robinia pseudoacacia is a leguminous deciduous tree native to the southeastern United States that has been widely introduced to other parts of North America. It is commonly found in disturbed areas such as old fields, degraded woods, forest edges, and roadsides, but it poses the greatest threat to dry and sand prairies and oak savannas. R. pseudoacacia has been planted on reclaimed land to control erosion and has been used for ornamental purposes. It reproduces vigorously by root suckering and stump sprouting to form groves of trees interconnected by a common root system.

Common Names: acacia blanc, black locust, false acacia, Post locust, robinia akacjowa, robinier, robinier faux acacia, robinier faux-acacia, yellow locust

Synonyms: Robinia pseudoacacia var. rectissima (L.) Raber

12. Sagittaria platyphylla (aquatic plant)

Sagittaria platyphylla is a rhizomatic aquatic plant which can thrive in many aquatic habitats. It forms extensive infestations in shallow waterways, where it can seriously restrict water flow, increase sedimentation and aggravate flooding. Infestations of Sagittaria platyphylla can also displace native plants in wetland areas.

Common Names: elliptic-leaved arrowhead, sagittaria

Synonyms: Sagittaria graminea var. platyphylla Engelm, Sagittaria mohrii J.G. Sm.

13. Solenopsis geminata (insect)    

Solenopsis geminata has spread almost world-wide by human commerce. It usually invades open areas but can easily colonise human infrastructure and agricultural systems, such as coffee and sugarcane plantations in hot climates. Its greatest known threats are its painful sting and the economic losses due to crop damage caused by its tending of honeydew-producing insects. Solenopsis geminata is known to reduce populations of native butterfly eggs and larvae. It has the potential to displace native ant populations, but is susceptible to competitive pressures from some other ant species.

Common Names: aka-kami-ari, Feuerameise, fire ant, ginger ant, tropical fire ant

Synonyms: Atta clypeata (Smith), Atta coloradensis (Buckley), Atta lincecumii (Buckley), Atta rufa (Jerdon), Crematogaster laboriosus (Smith), Diplorhoptrum drewseni (Mayr), Myrmica (Monomorium) saxicola (Buckley), Myrmica glaber (Smith), Myrmica laevissima (Smith), Myrmica mellea (Smith), Myrmica paleata (Lund), Myrmica polita (Smith), Solenopsis cephalotes (Smith), Solenopsis edouardi var. bahiaensis (Santschi), Solenopsis edouardi var. perversa (Santschi), Solenopsis eduardi (Forel), Solenopsis geminata subsp. Medusa (Mann), Solenopsis geminata var. galapageia (Wheeler), Solenopsis geminata var. innota (Santschi), Solenopsis geminata var. nigra (Forel), Solenopsis germinata var. diabola (Wheeler), Solenopsis mandibularis (Westwood)

14. Spartina alterniflora (grass)

Spartina alterniflora commonly known as smooth cord grass is a species that inhabits marsh habitat in its native range, where introduced It is known to establish itself in wave-protected mud and sand flats and grow very quickly into dense impenetrable stands. When introduced this species can have a negative effect on native species including some endangered. It can also hybridize with native non-invasive species of Spartina and offspring are known to have increased vigor and growth rates than either parent.

Common Names: Atlantic cordgrass , saltmarsh cordgrass , salt-water cordgrass, smooth cordgrass

Synonyms: Spartina alterniflora var. glabra (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Fern., Spartina alterniflora var. pilosa (Merr.) Fern.