Management Information
Preventative measures: Preventative measures are the best means of managing the brown spruce longhorn beetle (Tetropium fuscum). Great care should be taken to quarantine invasive populations and prevent their spread. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) passed The Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle Infested Places Order shortly after its introduction in Canada which established a containment area and restricted the movement of unprocessed wood. Heat treatment of 56° for 30 minutes is required on wood large enough to bear any form of T. fuscum, an adequate phytosanitary requirement.
Trapping and visual ground surveys are being conducted to monitor any further spread. Traps baited with high-release host-volatile lures and brown spruce longhorn beetle pheromones were deployed extensively around the containment area and in neighboring provinces. Cross-vane pan traps, IPM Intercept PT traps, and polyester quilt bands were all effective traps. Recommended baits include spruce blend with ethanol lures and brown spruce longhorn beetle pheromones. Visual inspection detecting trees with excessive resin flow and elliptical exit holes 4 mm in diameter should raise caution. The use of bioclimatic analysis to provide for rapid spatial assessments of possible distributions and potential impacts may be of use in preventing the spread of T. fuscum and other invasives (McKenney et al. 2003; Sweeney et al. 2004(a)(b); CFIA, 2005; CFIA 2007; Mushrow et al. undated).
Recent work by Silk et al (2007) found that Tetropium fuscum and Tetropium cinnamopterum males emit a pheromone called fuscumol, which was attractive to males and females when combined with host volatiles. Further study by Sweeney et al (2008) determined that the most effective lure combination consisted of a blend of racemic (50:50 ratio of S and R isomers) and host volatiles. This will be a useful tool for early detection and survey of T. fuscum in high risk areas (Sweeney et al. 2008).Physical: Physical removal and chipping or incineration of infested trees was practiced in Canada in attempts to control T. fuscum infestations. This was found to be an ineffective means of eradication by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency in 2005. The CFIA has since shifted efforts towards containment. There is presently no effective treatment for infected trees (CFIA, 2005; CFIA, 2007). Biological: Natural control agents native to North America include woodpeckers and the parasitic wasp, Rhyssa persuasoria and possibly Rhyssa lineolata and Rhimphoctona macrocephala which have been reared in red spruce logs in Pleasant Park, Nova Scotia, in attempts to control T. fuscum there. Natural enemies in the beetle's native range include parasitoids: Townesia tenuiventris, Dolichomitus dux, Dolichomitus terebrans, Dolichomitus tuberculatus, Neoxorides collaris, Odontocolon spinipes, Odontocolon dentipes, Xorides praecatorius, Rhimphoctona obscuripes, Rhimphoctona megacephalus, Atanycolus initiator, Atanycolus sculpturatus, Doryctes mutillator, Doryctes obliteratus, Wroughtonia dentator, and Billaea trianglifera; and predators: Laphria gilva, Thanasimus spp, Athous subfuscus, Raphidia spp., Phaoestigma notata, Inocellia crassicornis, Palloptera usta, and many woodpecker species. Finally, soil-borne fungus Beauveria bassiana may be a potential control which can be applied to tree bands or bait logs (Dobesberger, 2005; Sweeney et al. 2005).
Location Specific Management InformationNova Scotia (Canada)
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) developed a multiple agency task force and issued The Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle Infested Places Order, restricting the movement of timber and unprocessed bark and wood chips from an established containment area. Guidelines require a movement certificate to move any wood large enough to contain any forms of T. fuscum from the containment area unless it has been heat treated to attain a minimum core temperature of 56° C for 30 minutes. Eradication efforts began in 2000 and continue. Over 6,300 infected trees were removed from infested areas and survey traps were placed to monitor the spread of T. fuscum. Traps baited with high-release host-volatile lures and Brown spruce longhorn beetle pheromones were deployed extensively around the containment area and in neighboring provinces New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec. (CFIA, 2005; CFIA, 2007; Jacobs et al. 2003)
Management Resources/Links
4. Gord, Henry.; Jon Sweeney, Wayne MacKay, Richard Hamelin, Georgette Smith, Marie-José Côté and Nicole Lecours., 2005. Update On Survey And Eradication Of The Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle, And Summary Of Recent Research. Proceedings, 16th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2005 GTR-NE-337 5. McKenney, Daniel W.; Anthony A. Hopkin, Kathy L. Campbell, Brendan G. Mackey and Robert Foottit., 2003. Opportunities for Improved Risk Assessments of Exotic Species in Canada Using Bioclimatic Modeling. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Issue Volume 88, Numbers 1-3 / October, 2003
Summary: McKenney recommends using biolimatic modeling to assess possible distributions and impacts of invasives. 6. Mushrow, Lisa .; Andrew Morrison, Jon Sweeney, and Dan Quiring., undated. Heat as a phytosanitary treatment for the brown spruce longhorn beetle. The Forestry Chronicle. Pages 224-228 8. Silk, P.J., Sweeney, J., Wu, J., Price, J., Gutowski, J.M. & Kettela, E.G. 2007. Evidence for a male-produced pheromone in Tetropium fuscum (F.) and Tetropium cinnamopterum (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Naturwissenschaften 94: 697-701. 10. Sweeney, J.; G. Thurston, R. Lavallée, R. Trudel, P. Desrochers, C. Côté, C. Guertin, S. Todorova, H.H. Kope and R. Alfaro., 2005. Beauveria bassiana For Control Of The Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle, Tetropium Fuscum (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Proceedings, 16th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2005 GTR-NE-337 11. Sweeney, J.; Peter de Groot, and Linda MacDonald., 2002. Response of the Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabr.) to Host Volatiles. Proceedings: 2002 U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum GTR-NE-300 12. Sweeney, J.; Peter de Groot, Linda MacDonald and Jerzy M. Gutowski., 2004b. Recent Improvements In The Efficacy Of Trapping The Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle, Tetropium fuscum (F.), Using Host Volatile-Baited Traps Proceedings, XV USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species 2004 GTR-NE-332 13. Sweeney, Jon and Georgette Smith., 2002. Host Preference of the Brown Spruce Longhorned Beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Fabr.) on Selected North American Conifers. Proceedings: 2002 U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum GTR-NE-300 14. Sweeney, Jon.; Jessica Price, Wayne MacKay, Bob Guscott, Peter de Groot and Jerzy Gutowski. 2005. Detection Of The Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle, Tetropium fuscum (F.) With Semiochemical-Baited Traps, Tree Bands, And Visual Surveys Proceedings—Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species 15. Sweeney, Jon; Peter De Groot; Linda MacDonald; Sandy Smith; Christian Cocquempot; Marc Kenis and Jerzy M. Gutowski., 2004a. Host Volatile Attractants and Traps for Detection of Tetropium fuscum (F.), Tetropium castaneum L., and Other Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Environmental Entomology Volume 33, Issue 4 (August 2004)
Summary: Abstract of a study on trapping of Tetropium fuscum in Canada. Results Page: 1
|
